• Top left: Elizabeth II is the longest-reigning female monarch, reigning as Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years.
  • Top right: Queen Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom for 63 years; the longest at the time.
  • Bottom left: Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890 – 1948), is the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom.
  • Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark from 1972 until her abdication in 2024, as recently the last female sovereign to reign.

This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess etc.). Consorts, such Queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see List of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see List of regents.

The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as Queens regnants. Section 2 lists Legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists Constituent monarchs: monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no constitutional standing or regal powers while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as Queens regents, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Pretenders to thrones are also not included in this page.

Monarchs

Africa

North Africa

Algeria

Hoggar Mountains

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Tin Hinan 4th century CE Unknown

Kingdom of the Aurès

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Dihya c. 668–703 CE c. 35 years
Canary Islands
Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Inés Peraza de las Casas – 1452–1477 25 years [1]
Isabella I of Castile 4 September 1479–26 November 1504 25 years, 2 months, 22 days
Joanna of Castille 26 November 1504–12 April 1555 51 years, 7 months, 14 days
Isabella II of Spain 29 September 1833–30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Egypt

Pharaonic Egypt
The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous.[2]

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Sobekneferu Middle 18th century BCE 3 years, 10 months and 24 days [3]
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BCE c. 21 years [4]
Neferneferuaten c. 1334–1332 BCE c. 3 years
Twosret 1191–1189 BCE 2 years

Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy II instituted a new practice of brother-sister marriage when he married his full sister, Arsinoe II. They became, in effect, co-rulers, and both took the epithet Philadelphus ("Brother-Loving" and "Sister-Loving"). Because of this custom many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house. The only Ptolemaic Queens who ruled alone were Cleopatra II, Berenice III and Berenice IV. Cleopatra VI did co-rule, but it was with another female, Berenice IV. Cleopatra VII officially co-ruled with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, and Ptolemy XV, but effectively, she ruled Egypt alone.

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Co-ruler(s) Ref.
Arsinoe II 273–270 BC or 268 BCE 3 to 5 years Ptolemy II [5]
Berenice II 246–222 BCE 23 years Ptolemy III [6]
Arsinoe III 220–204 BCE 16 years Ptolemy IV [7]
Cleopatra I 193–176 BCE 17 years Ptolemy V
Ptolemy VI		 [8]
Cleopatra II c. 175–164 BCE
163–127 BCE
124–115 BCE		 c. 54 years Ptolemy VI
Ptolemy VIII
Cleopatra III
Ptolemy IX		 [9]
Cleopatra III c. 141–130 BCE
c. 127–101 BCE		 c. 37 years Ptolemy VIII
Cleopatra II
Ptolemy IX
Cleopatra IV
Ptolemy X		 [10]
Cleopatra IV – 116–115 BCE 1 year Cleopatra III
Ptolemy IX		 [11]
Berenice III 101–88 BCE
81–80 BCE		 14 years Ptolemy X
Ptolemy XI		 [12]
Cleopatra V 79–69 BCE 10 years Ptolemy XII [13]
Cleopatra VI – 58–57 BCE 1 year Berenice IV [14]
Berenice IV – 58–55 BCE 3 years Cleopatra VI [15]
Cleopatra VII 52–30 BCE 22 years Ptolemy XII
Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemy XIV
Ptolemy XV		 [16]
Arsinoe IV October 48–January 47 BCE 3 months Ptolemy XIII [17]

Roman Egypt
Zenobia took Roman Egypt by Palmyrene invasion and was declared Queen of Egypt.

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Zenobia October 270–June 272 1 year and 9 months [18]

Bahri Mamluk dynasty

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Shajar al-Durr 2 May–30 July 1250 90 days
Libya

Cyrenaica

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Berenice II 258–246 BCE 12 years
Cleopatra Selene II 34–30 BCE 4 years
Sudan

Egyptian Empire

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BCE c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten c. 1334–1332 BCE c. 2 years
Twosret 1191–1189 BCE 2 years

Kingdom of Kush

Kandake was a title for queens, queen mothers, and queens consort in Nubia, but ruling kandakes included:

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Ref.
Nahirqo Middle 2nd century BCE [19]
Unknown kandake – End of 2nd–First half of 1st century BCE [20]
Amanirenas End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century CE
Amanishakheto Early 1st century CE
Shanakdakhete – First half of the 1st century CE
Nawidemak
Amanitore Middle first century CE
Amanikhatashan Middle second century CE [21]
Amanikhalika Second half of the second century CE [22]
Patrapeamani – First half of the fourth century CE [21]
Amanipilade Middle fourth century CE

Dotawo

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Gaua – c. 1520–1526 c. 6 years [23]

West Africa

Benin

Hogbonu

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Hude – 1746–1752 6 years
The Gambia
Ghana

Akan state of Denkyira

  • Amoako Atta Yiadom (ruled 1770–1793), Denkyirahene

Akan state of Dwaben

  • Ama Serwah (ruled 1838–1846), Dwabenhene
  • Unknown Dwabenhene (ruled 1846-18??)
  • Nana Juaben Serwah II (ruled 1959–19??), Dwabenhene
Guinea-Bissau

Orango

Roxa

  • Juliana of Canhabaque[25] (ruled early 1900s)[24]
  • Idiana Ibop[26] (ruled until 1920s)[24]
Côte d'Ivoire

Baoule

  • Pokou (ruled c. 1750–c. 1760)[27] – Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe.
  • Akwa Boni (ruled c. 1760–c. 1790)[27] – Pokou's niece who succeeded her to the throne.
Liberia
Mali

Mali Empire

Nigeria

Bornu Empire

Daura

The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in medieval times. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century.[29] These queens reigned from c. 700 to c. 1000.[30]

  • Kufuru
  • Ginu
  • Yakumo
  • Yakunya
  • Wanzamu
  • Yanbamu
  • Gizir-gizir
  • Inna-Gari
  • Daurama
  • Ga-Wata
  • Shata
  • Fatatuma
  • Sai-Da-Mata
  • Ja-Mata
  • Ha-Mata
  • Zama
  • Sha-Wata
  • Daurama II

Igodomigodo

  • Emose (584–600)
  • Orrorro (600–618)

Ondo Kingdom

Zazzau

  • Amina – There is controversy among scholars as to the date of her reign, one school placing her in the mid-15th century, and a second placing her reign in the mid to late 16th century.

Yoruba people

Oyo Empire

Senegal

Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.

Sierra Leone

Koya Temne

  • Fatima (ruled 1826–1840)[31]

Kpa Mende

Central Africa

Angola

Jaga

Matamba

Nzinga, warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba

Mbunda Kingdom

  • Vamwene Naama
  • Vamwene Yamvu
  • Vamwene Mbaao ya Chinguli (ruled 1500s–early 1600s)
  • Vamwene Kaamba ka Mbaao
  • Vamwene Mukenge wa Lweembe, Livindamo

Ndongo

Kingdom of Jinga

Kingdom of kongo

There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.

Cameroon
  • Soukda, founder of Mandara Kingdom (ruled c. 1500)
  • Ngoungoure, queen of Bamum (ruled 1865) – her rule lasted 30 minutes

East Africa

Comoros

Ndzuwani (Anjouan)

  • Alimah I (ruled during the 16th century – unknown start date, reigned ended in c. 1590)
  • Alimah II (ruled c. 1632–c. 1676)
  • Alimah III (ruled c. 1676–c. 1711)
  • Alimah IV (ruled 1788–1792) – she was the de facto ruler of Anjouan with sultan Abdallah I during his reigns in 1782–1788 and 1792–1796.

Bamboa

  • Nyau wa Faume

Itsandra

  • Fey Beja waWabeja, Mfalme

Bajini

  • Ja Mhaba, Mfalme
  • Hadija bint Ahmed, Mfalme

Mwali

  • Raketaka Jombe Sudy (ruled 1842–1865 and 1874–1878) – she also ruled as regent twice, 1865–1868 and 1871–1874. After 1851 she took the name of Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane
  • Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara (ruled 1888–1909)
Zewditu I, Empress of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
  • Zewditu (ruled 1916–1930) – Daughter of Menelik II. She ascended to the throne after her nephew Iyasu V was deposed.
Kenya

Names taken from Female Rule in the Indian Ocean World (1300–1900).[32]

  • Mwana Masuru
  • Maryamu
  • Mwana Mkisi
  • Mwana Inali
  • Mwana Darini binti Bwana Mkuu bin Abubakar
  • Asha binti Muhammad
  • Mwanai Mimi
  • Mwana Khadija binti Omari
Ranavalona I
Madagascar

The female monarchs of Madagascar traditional states were:[33]

Ambohidratrimo

  • Ramananandrianjaka Rambolamasoandro
  • Rabehety

Boina Kingdom

  • Andrianaginarivo (ruled 1777–1778)
  • Tombola (ruled 1778)
  • Ravahiny (ruled 1778–1808)
  • Oantitsy (ruled 1832–1836)
  • Tsiomeko (ruled 1836–1840)

Menabe

  • Bibiasa

Bemihisatra

  • Safy Mozongo (ruled 1869–1881) – she was the mother of Binao.
  • Binao

Bemazava

  • Irana Andriamamelonarivo
  • Tsiresy I Andriamanomponarivo
  • Tsiresy II Nenimoana

Antankarana

  • Ambary of Antankarana
  • Soanaomby

Imarovatana

  • Ramanandrianjaka II Ravorombato

Betsimisaraka

Mauritius
Mozambique

Angoche Sultanate

  • Queen of Angoche, name unknown (ruled around 1550)[32]
Somaliland

Sultanate of Ifat

South Sudan

Shilluk Kingdom

  • Abudok (fr:Abudok), the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk.[34]
Tanzania

Names taken from Female Rule in the Indian Ocean World (1300–1900).[32]

  • Mwana Aziz
  • Mwana Miveni
  • Mwana Aisha
  • Mwana Fatuma binti Darhash
  • Mwana Hadiya
  • Mwana Mize binti Muaba
  • Mwana Mwema, queen of Unguja[36] (ruled ?–1653)[37]
  • Fatuma binti Yussuf, queen of Unguja (ruled ?–1698 and 1709–1715)
  • Mwana wa Mwana
  • Mwanzuani
  • Mwana Khazija binti Ngwali
  • Fatuma binti Ali
  • Sabini binti Ngumi
Uganda

Bunyoro

  • Masamba Ga Winyi (ruled early 17th century; 5 Years)

Paroketu

Songora people

The female monarchs of Songora were:[39]

  • Kogyere I Rusija-Miryango
  • Kogyere II
  • Njunaki Kamaranga
  • Nyakahuma
  • Kitami kya Nyawera
  • Kantunguru
  • Kogyere III Ikamiro

Southern Africa

Malawi
Namibia

Mbunza

  •  Kapango (ruled c. 1750)[40]

Ongandjera

  • Nakashwa (ruled 1862)[41]

Oukwanyama

Shambyu

  • Maria Mwengere (ruled 1947-1987)[41]
  • Angelina Matumbo Ribebe (ruled 1989-2015)[42]
  • Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu (ruled 2023-)[43]

Uukwangali

  • Mate I (ruled c. 1750)[41]
  • Nankali (ruled c. 1775)[41]
  • Simbara (ruled 1785-1800)[41]
  • Mate II (ruled 1800-1818)[41]
  • Mpande (ruled 1880-1886)[41]
  • Kanuni (ruled 1926-1941 and 1958-1971)[41]
South Africa
  • Elizabeth II (1952–1961)

Lobedu people

The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.

Zambia
Zimbabwe

The Americas

North America

Canada
  • Victoria (ruled 1837–1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
Mexico

Cobá

Ecatepec

Palenque

Sak K'uk'

Tepetlaoztoc

  • Azcasuch (ruled late 15th-early 16th century)

Toltec Empire

Toniná

Tzacoalco

Central America

Belize
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Pusilha

  • Lady Ich’aak K’inich[44]
Guatemala

El Perú

La Florida

Naranjo

Tikal

The Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)
Bahamas
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1973–2022)
Barbados
Grenada
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1974–2022)
Jamaica
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1962–2022)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1983–2022)
Saint Lucia
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)

South America

Brazil
  • Maria I (ruled as Queen of Brazil 1815–1816) – she was also Queen of Portugal in 1777–1816
Ecuador
Guyana
Peru
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago

Asia

East Asia

China
Wu Zetian
  • Wu Zetian (Chinese: 武則天) – Empress regnant of China, ruling from 690 to 705. She was the only orthodox reigning empress in the history of China.

Although Wu Zetian is the only undisputed empress regnant recognized in orthodox Chinese historiography, there are two other documented cases of a woman holding the title of "Empress regnant" in Chinese history:

Sumpa

In Tibet, there was Nüguo (Chinese: 女國, lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese: 東女國, lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women") (zh:東女國), related to Sumpa.[47] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.

Japan
Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Queen Himiko of Yamatai c. 180–248 c. 68 years [51]
Queen Toyo of Yamatai – c. 248–unknown Unknown [52]
Empress Suiko 593–628 35 years [53]
Empress Kōgyoku 642–645 3 years [54]
Empress Saimei 655–661 6 years
Empress Jitō 686–697 9 years [55]
Empress Genmei 707–715 8 years [56]
Empress Genshō 715–724 9 years [57]
Empress Kōken 749–758 9 years
Empress Shōtoku 764–770 6 years
Empress Meishō 1629–1643 14 years [58]
Empress Go-Sakuramachi 1762–1771 9 years [59]
Korea

Silla

South Asia

India

Alupa dynasty

  • Ballamahadevi (ruled 1275–1292) – she ruled with her son Nagadevarasa

Arakkal dynasty

  • Ali Raja Bibi Harrabichi Kadavube (ruled 1728–1732)
  • Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe I (ruled 1732–1745)
  • Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II (ruled 1777–1819)

Bhauma-Kara dynasty

Bhopal State

  • Qudsia Begum (ruled 1819–1837) – in 1819, 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband, Nawab Muiz Muhammad Khan Bahadur. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal. She declared that her 2-year-old daughter Sikander would follow her as the ruler; none of the male family members dared to challenge her decision. She ruled till 1837, when she died having adequately prepared her daughter for ruling the state.
  • Begum Sultan Shah Jehan (ruled 1844–1860 and 1868–1901) – Shahjahan was the only surviving child of Sikandar Begum, sometime Nawab of Bhopal by correct title, and her husband Jahangir Mohammed Khan. She was recognised as ruler of Bhopal in 1844 at the age of six; her mother wielded power as regent during her minority. However, in 1860, her mother Sikandar Begum was recognised by the British as ruler of Bhopal in her own right, and Shahjahan was set aside.
  • Begum Nawab Sikandar (ruled 1860–1868)
  • Begum Kaikhusrau Jahan (ruled 1901–1926)

British Raj

Gerusoppa

Holkar dynasty

Kakatiya dynasty

Kashmir

  • Sugandha (ruled 904–906)
  • Didda (ruled 980–1003), she ruled first as a Regent for her son Abhimanyu and thereafter as sole ruler in her own right
  • Kota Rani (ruled 1338–1339)

Keladi Nayaka dynasty

Mamluk dynasty

Oiniwar dynasty

  • Viswavasa Devi (ruled 1431–1443)[61]

Sambalpur State

  • Rani Mohan Kumari (ruled 1827–1833)[62]

Sivaganga estate

Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

Travancore Kingdom

Ullal

Maldives
  • Damahaar (ruled before 990) – Damahaar, a Ranin (Queen) of the Aadeetta (Sun) Dynasty, is mentioned by al-Idrisi as having reigned over the Maldives at some time before the semi-legendary King Koimala; there are several other mentions by foreign travelers, mainly Arabs, of queens ruling over the Maldives at various times; these are not always named and their reigns cannot be precisely dated
  • Khadijah (ruled 1347–1363, 1364–1374 and 1376–1380)
  • Raadhafathi (ruled 1380)
  • Dhaain (ruled 1385–1388)
  • Kuda Kala Kamanafa’anu (ruled 1607–1609)
  • Amina I (ruled 1753–1754)
  • Amina II (ruled 1757–1759)
Pakistan
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1956)

Gilgit

  • Dadi Jawari, also known as Malika Jawahir Khatun
  • Malika Sahibnuma, also spelled as Sahebnuma[63] (ruled 1825–1828)[64]

Soomra dynasty

  • Hamoon (ruled 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles[65]
Sri Lanka

Southeast Asia

Cambodia
Ang Mey

Funan Kingdom

Chenla

Post-Angkor period

  • Queen Tey (ruled 1687)
  • Ang Mey (ruled 1834–1840) – also known as Ngọc Vân Quận chúa (Lady Ngọc Vân – Vietnamese) or Ksat Trey, she was proclaimed on the death of her father by the Vietnamese faction at court with the title of Mỹ Lâm Quận chúa (Lady Mỹ Lâm – Vietnamese). She was famous as a Vietnamese puppet queen

First Kingdom of Cambodia

  • Queen Sisowath Kossamak (ruled 1960–1970, disputed) – After her husband King Norodom Suramarit's death, Kossamak kept her title of Queen and continued to function as the symbol and representative of the monarchy while Sihanouk assumed his position as monarch, but titled as Prince rather than King.
Indonesia

Aceh

Bali

Tanette

Kalingga

Majapahit

The statue of Tribhuwanottungadewi, queen of Majapahit, depicted as Parvati

Mataram

Mengwi

Sonbai Kecil

  • Bi Sonbai, also known as Usi Tetu Utang, in western Timor (ruled 1672–1717)

Kalinyamat Sultanate

Sultanate of Gowa

  • Tumanurung Baine

Samudera Pasai Sultanate

Bone state

  • We Banrigau, Mallajange ri Cina
  • We Tenrituppu, MatinroE ri Bantaeng
  • We Bataritoja, Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin (ruled 1714–1715 and 1724–1749)
  • We Imaniratu, Sultanah Rajituddin
  • We Tenriawaru, Sultanah Ummulhuda
  • We Fatimah Banri, Datu Citta

Sultanate of Buton

  • Wa kaa kaa (ruled 1332–?)
  • Bulawambona[66] (ruled 14th century)[67]
Laos

Lan Xang

  • Nang Keo Phimpha (ruled 1438) – after her nephew Lan Kham Deng died, she seized control of Lan Xang and the next four kings were under her control. She only reigned for a few months in 1438 at the age of 95; she was then deposed and killed.
Malaysia

Kelantan

Myanmar

Hanthawaddy

Sandoway

Waithali

Shan States

  • Nang Ye Hkam Leng, ruler of Möng Mao (ruled 1127–1152)
  • Wife of Sao Ne Ya, ruler of Laihka State (ruled 1680–1683)
  • Youngest Sister of Hkun Hkawt, ruler of Laihka State (ruled 1866–1868)
Philippines

Namayan and Tondo

Sulu

  • Nur ul-Azam (ruled c. 1680–1685)
Thailand

Hariphunchai

Pattani

  • Ratu Hijau, 'the Green Queen' (ruled 1584–1616)
  • Ratu Biru, 'the Blue Queen' (ruled 1616–1624)
  • Ratu Ungu, 'the Purple Queen' (ruled 1624–1635)
  • Ratu Kuning, 'the Yellow Queen' (ruled 1635–1649/88), controversy surrounds the exact date of the end of her reign
  • Ratu Emas Kelantan (ruled 1670–1698 or 1690–1704) – thought by A. Teeuw & Wyatt to be a king, but claimed by al-Fatani to be a queen, the widow of Raja Bakal and mother of the succeeding queen
  • Ratu Emas Chayam (ruled 1698–1702 or 1704–1707 and 1716–1718)

Lanna

Timor-Leste

There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.[68]

Liquiçá

  • Dona Ursula da Costa (ruled c. 1818)[69]
  • Dona Gracia da Costa Rodrigues Pereira (ruled c. 1881–c. 1883)[69]
  • Dona Engracia da Costa Delgado (ruled c. 1890–c. 1892)[69]
Vietnam
  • Queen Trưng Trắc (ruled 40–43) – the Trưng sisters (Vietnamese: Hai Bà Trưng; literally: two ladies Trưng) were leaders who rebelled against Chinese rule for three years, and are regarded as national heroines of Vietnam. Her name is Trưng Trắc.
  • Trưng Nhị (vi:Trưng Nhị), co-ruler of Trưng Trắc
  • Lady Triệu (ruled 248), also known as Lệ Hải Bà Vương (chữ Hán: 麗海婆王, lit. "beautiful sea's lady king")[70]
  • Empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng (ruled 1224–1225)

Champa

West Asia

Iran
  • Musa of Parthia (Parthian queen regnant of Iran, ruled 2 BC–4 AD) – she ruled with her son Phraates V
  • Pourandukht (In Persian: Pourandokht, Sassanid queen regnant and Daughter of Khosrow Parviz, ruled 630 and 631–632)
  • Azarmidokht (Sassanid queen regnant, sister of Pourandukht and daughter of Khosrow Parviz, ruled 630–631)

Elymais

  • Anzaze (ruled about 82/81 to 75 BC, following dates on the coins), she appears on coins together with king Kamnaskires III; they perhaps ruled together as on the coins she is called βασιλίσσης (the Genitive case of queen, βασίλισσα – basílissa)
  • Ulfan (ruled 2nd century) – she co-ruled with her husband Orodes III

Ahmadilis

Qutlugh-Khanids

Salghurids

Il Khanate

Khorshidi dynasty

Iraq

First Dynasty of Ur

  • Puabi (ruled c. 26th century BC) – there is a theory that she ruled on her own right

Jalayirid Sultanate

Israel

Beit Shemesh

Judah

Hasmonean dynasty

Herodian dynasty

Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

Jordan

Gileadite

Nabatea

Lebanon

Tripoli

Saudi Arabia

Qedarite

  • Zabibe (ruled c. 750–735 BC)
  • Samsi (ruled c. 735–710 BC)
  • Yatie (ruled c. 710–695 BC)
  • Te'el-hunu (ruled c. 695–690 BC)
  • Tabua (ruled c. 678–675 BC)
Syria

Tanukhids

  • Mavia (ruled 375–425) – "The Queen of the Arabs"

Seleucid Empire

Palmyrene Empire

  • Zenobia (ruled 272) – she ruled mostly as regent for her son but reigned briefly under the regnal name Septimia Zenobia Augusta in 272.
Turkey
Isabella of Armenia

Antioch

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

  • Isabella (ruled 1219–1252) – she co-ruled with her husband Hethum I from 1226

Caria

Dardania

Heraclea Pontica

Pontus

Olba Kingdom

Prusias ad Mare

Saltukid dynasty

Trebizond

Yemen

Sulayhid dynasty

  • Asma bint Shihab (ruled 1047–1087) – she was the co-ruler of Yemen in co-regency with her cousin and spouse, Ali al-Sulayhi, and later her son, Ahmad al-Mukkaram, and daughter-in-law, Arwa al-Sulayhi. Though there were many female monarchs in the Muslim world, Asma bint Shihab and Arwa al-Sulayhi were the only female monarchs in the Arab world to have had the khutba proclaimed in their name in the mosques as sovereigns.
  • Arwa al-Sulayhi (ruled 1067–1138) – she ruled Yemen firstly with her first two husbands and her mother-in-law and then as sole ruler. She was the greatest of the rulers of the Sulayhid Dynasty and was also the first woman to be accorded the prestigious title of hujja in Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, signifying her as the closest living image of God's will in her lifetime.

Central Asia

Afghanistan
  • Queen of Greater Yuezhi, name unknown (ruled 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi[71][72]
Uzbekistan

Europe

Central Europe

Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Czech
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Mary
Queen Hungary 10 September 1382 (1st reign)

24 February 1386 (2nd reign)

 December 1385 (1st reign)

17 May 1395 (2nd reign)
Croatia
Maria Theresa
Archduchess Austria 20 October 1740 29 November 1780 40 years, 40 days
Queen Hungary
Croatia
Bohemia 19 December 1741 1 year, 60 days
12 May 1743 29 November 1780 37 years, 201 days

Marcomanni

Poland and Lithuania
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Jadwiga Queen Poland 16 October 1384 17 July 1399 14 years, 274 days
Anna Queen Poland 15 December 1575 19 August 1587 11 years, 247 days
Grand Duchess Lithuania

Eastern Europe

Armenia
Georgia
Tamar, King of Kings and Queen of Queens of the Georgians
Russia
Monarch Portrait Title Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Irina Godunova Tsaritsa
(Disputed)		 26 January 1598 3 March 1598 36 days
Catherine I Empress 8 February 1725 17 May 1727 2 years, 98 days
Anna Empress 26 February 1730 28 October 1740 10 years, 245 days
Elizabeth Empress 6 December 1741 5 January 1762 20 years, 30 days
Catherine II Empress 9 July 1762 17 November 1796 34 years, 131 days

Sabir people

  • Queen Boa,[73] also known as Boareks (ruled 520s)

Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus

  • Kamasarye Philoteknos (ruled 180–150 BC) – she co-ruled with her husband Paerisades III
  • Dynamis (ruled in 47 BC, 44–17 BC and 16–14 BC) – she co-ruled with her first husband Asander in 47 BC and from 44 BC until 17 BC; then she co-ruled with her second husband Polemon I from 16 BC until her death
  • Gepaepyris (ruled 37 or 38–39 AD)

Khanate of Qasim

Northern Europe

Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Margaret I Queen Denmark 10 August 1387 28 October 1412 25 years, 79 days
Norway 2 February 1388 24 years, 269 days
Sweden 24 February 1389 23 years, 247 days
Christina Queen Sweden 16 November 1632 16 June 1654 21 years, 212 days
Ulrika Eleonora Queen Sweden 5 December 1718 29 February 1720 1 year, 86 days
Margrethe II Queen Denmark 14 January 1972 14 January 2024 52 years, 0 days

Agder

Western Europe

Luxembourg and Belgium
Netherlands
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Wilhelmina
Queen Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 57 years, 286 days
Juliana
Queen Netherlands 4 September 1948 30 April 1980 31 years, 239 days
Beatrix
Queen Netherlands 30 April 1980 30 April 2013 33 years, 0 days
Monaco
United Kingdom and Ireland
  • Cartimandua (ruled c. 43–69), queen of the Brigantes, a Celtic people in what is now Northern England – she came to power around the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, and formed a large tribal agglomeration that became loyal to Rome; she is known exclusively from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus, though she appears to have been widely influential in early Roman Britain
  • Boudica (ruled c. 60–61), queen of the Brythonic Celtic Iceni, people of Norfolk, in Eastern Britain – in 61 AD, led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire
  • Seaxburh of Wessex (ruled c. 672–674) – she reigned jointly with her husband Cenwalh and, according to tradition, ruled Wessex as Queen for a year following Cenwalh's death in c. 672
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Æthelflæd Lady Mercia 911 918 c. 7 years
Ælfwynn Lady Mercia 12 June 918 4 December 918 175 days
Matilda Lady (Disputed) England 8 April 1141 1148 c. 7 years [75]
Margaret Queen (Disputed) Scotland 19 March 1286 September 1290 4 years, 6 months
Mary I of Scotland Queen Scotland 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 24 years, 222 days
Jane Queen (Disputed) England 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 days [76]
Ireland
Mary I of England Queen England 24 July 1553 17 November 1558 5 years, 116 days
Ireland
Elizabeth I Queen England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 44 years, 127 days
Ireland
Mary II Queen England 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 5 years, 318 days
Ireland
Scotland 11 April 1689 5 years, 261 days
Anne Queen England 8 March 1702 1 May 1707 5 years, 54 days
Scotland
Ireland 1 August 1714 12 years, 146 days
Great Britain 1 May 1707 7 years, 92 days
Victoria Queen United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 63 years, 216 days
Elizabeth II Queen United Kingdom 6 February 1952 8 September 2022 70 years, 214 days

Southern Europe

Albania
Bosnia
Bulgaria

Odrysian kingdom

Cyprus

Kingdom of Cyprus

British Cyprus

  • Victoria
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1960)
Greece
Zoe

Aeacid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

  • Irene of Athens (ruled 797–802) – she normally referred to herself as basilissa (empress), although there are three instances of the title basileus (emperor) being used by her. From 792 she was a co-ruler.
  • Theodora the Armenian (ruled 842–856, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became the co-ruler of her son but in fact she ruled the empire alone; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent
  • Thekla (ruled 842–856, disputed), co-ruler of Theodora the Armenian
  • Zoë Porphyrogenita (ruled 1028–1041 and 1042–1050) – she ruled with her consorts Romanos III and Michael IV between 1028 and 1041; she ruled with her sister Theodora and her third husband Constantine IX from 1042 to 1050
  • Theodora Porphyrogenita (ruled 1042–1056) – she ruled from 1042 jointly with her sister Zoe and Zoe's third husband Constantine IX; she ruled from 1055 until her own death as sole monarch.
  • Eudokia Makrembolitissa (ruled 1067, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became a ruler; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent

Epirus

Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

Polis

Italy

Naples

Ostrogoths

  • Amalasuintha (ruled 534–535) – she ruled first as regent for her son and thereafter as queen regnant in her own right

Parma

Sardinian medieval kingdoms

Sicily

Portugal
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Theresa Queen Portugal
(disputed)		 1116 24 June 1128
Beatrice Queen Portugal
(disputed)		 1383 1385
Maria I Queen Portugal 24 February 1777 20 March 1816 39 years, 25 days
Maria II Queen Portugal 2 May 1826 23 June 1828 2 years, 52 days
26 May 1834 15 November 1853 19 years, 173 days
Spain and Andorra
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Urraca the Reckless Empress Spain 30 June 1109 8 March 1126 16 years, 251 days
Queen León
Queen Castile
Queen Galicia 1111
Petronilla Queen Aragon 13 November 1137 18 July 1164 26 years, 248 days
Urraca the Asturian – Queen Kingdom of Artajona (eu:Artaxoako Erresuma) 1144 1153
Berengaria Queen Castile 6 June 1217 31 August 1217 86 days
Queen Toledo
Sancha – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Dulce – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Joan I Queen Navarre 22 July 1284 2 April 1305 20 years, 254 days
Joan II Queen Navarre 1 April 1328 6 October 1349 21 years, 188 days
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon – Co-Princess Andorra 1398 1412
Blanche I Queen Navarre 8 September 1425 1 April 1441 15 years, 205 days
Blanche II – Queen Navarre 23 September 1461 2 December 1464 3 years, 70 days
Isabella I Queen Castile 11 December 1474 26 November 1504 29 years, 351 days
Queen León
Eleanor – Queen Navarre 28 January 1479 12 February 1479 15 days
Catherine Queen Navarre 7 January 1483 12 February 1517 34 years, 36 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Joanna[nb 1] Queen Castile 26 November 1504 12 April 1555 50 years, 137 days
Queen Aragon 23 January 1516 39 years, 79 days
Queen Upper Navarre
Jeanne[nb 2] Queen Lower Navarre 25 May 1555 9 June 1572 17 years, 15 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Isabella II[nb 3] Queen Spain 29 September 1833 30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Queen Upper Navarre 30 November 1833 62 days
Malta
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Elizabeth II Queen Malta 21 September 1964 13 December 1974 10 years, 83 days

Oceania

Australasia

Australia
  • Victoria (ruled 1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
New Zealand
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Rarotonga

Makea Takau Ariki

Melanesia

Fiji
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1970–1987)
Papua New Guinea
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1975–2022)
Solomon Islands
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)

Polynesia

American Samoa
Tui Manuʻa Matelita.
  • Tuimanufili, (ruled as 20th Tui Manu'a)
  • Siliave, (ruled as 23rd Tui Manu'a)
  • Seuea, (ruled as 27th Tui Manu'a)
  • Matelita, (ruled 1891–1895, as 39th Tui Manu'a)
French Polynesia

Bora Bora

Huahine

Tehaapapa II and Tehaapapa III

Raiatea

Rapa Iti

  • Daughter of Parima (ruled 1886–1887).

Rimatara

Tahiti

  • Purea (ruled 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unification
  • Pōmare IV (ruled 1827–1877)
Hawaii

Ancient Hawaii

Liliʻuokalani

Kingdom of Hawaii

Tonga
Tuvalu
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)
Wallis and Futuna

Uvea

Legendary and mythological monarchs

Chile

China

Congo

Kuba Kingdom

Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers:[78]

  • Lobamba
  • Gokare
  • Sanga Motunu
  • Pelama Pena
  • Boeke
  • Sanga Lenga
  • Bosh Akama
  • Kele Kama
  • Bolueme

Czech

Easter Island

Ecuador

Egypt

  • Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus' book Histories as being the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
  • Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif.[79]
  • Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis. Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor.[79]
  • Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era.[80] Sometimes described as a "priestess".[79]

Ethiopia

The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word "Aethiopia" in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar.[81]

  • Borsa (4321–4254 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[80]
  • Eylouka (3776–3731 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[80]
  • Nehasset Nais (2434–2404 BC)
  • Kasiyope (1890–1871 BC) – Originated from Greek mythology.
  • Mumazes (1675–1671 BC) – Daughter of king Bonu I.[82]
  • Aruas (1671 BC) – Daughter of Mumazes.[81]
  • Helena (1358–1347 BC)
  • Makeda (1013–982 BC) – The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya.[83]
  • Nicauta Kandake I (740–730 BC)
  • Hadina (372–362 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years.[84]
  • Nikawla Kandake II (342–332 BC) – An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba[85]
  • Akawsis Kandake III (325–315 BC)
  • Nikosis Kandake IV (242–232 BC)
  • Awsena (99–88 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year.[84]
  • Nicotnis Kandake V (35–25 BC)
  • Garsemot Kandake VI (40–50 AD) – Supposedly the Kandake from the Biblical story of the Ethiopian Eunuch.[81]
  • Wakana (230 AD) – Reigned for 2 days.[81]
  • Ahywa Sofya (299–332 AD) – Likely based on Sofya of Axum, mother of Ezana.
  • Adhana I (369–374 AD) – Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years.[86]
  • Adhana II (412–418 AD) – Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III.[86]

Kingdom of Simien

  • Gudit (ruled c. 960 – c. 1000)

Sidama people

Greece

Amazons

  • Otrera, the daughter of Eurus (the east wind)
  • Hippolyta, the Amazonian queen who possessed a magical girdle
  • Penthesilea, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
  • Antianara, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
  • Eurypyle
  • Lampedo
  • Marpesia

India

  • Yashovati, ruler of Kashmir – she was described in Rajatarangini

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Japan

Korea

Libya

Malaysia

Mexico

Aztec Empire

Myanmar

Norway

Pakistan

Poland

Russia

Somaliland

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Tunisia

  • Dido (ruled 814 – c. 760 BC) – also known as Alyssa. Founder of Carthage, according to tradition

Turkey

Turkmenistan

United Kingdom

Vietnam

Yemen

Constituent and self-proclaimed monarchs

Botswana

China

Easter Island

Haiti

Jamaica

New Zealand

Nigeria

Panama

  • Rufina Santana, queen of Naso people (ruled 1982–1988)

United States Virgin Islands

The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:

Chieftainesses

Botswana

Burundi

Cameroon

Dominican Republic

Fiji

Ghana

Haiti

Ireland

Israel

Kenya

Kyrgyzstan

Liberia

Malawi

New Zealand

Rarotonga

Niger

Nigeria

Peru

Puerto Rico

Sierra Leone

South Africa

Xhosa

  • Nosizwe Tyali, Chief of Imingcangathelo
  • Nosiseko Gaika, Chief of Amambombo (Ngqika)
  • Nomasilakhe Komani, Chief of Imingqalasi

South Sudan

United States of America

Appomattoc

Crow tribe

Giluts'aaw

  • Victoria Young

Pamunkey

Pocasset Wampanoag

Sakonnet

Seneca tribe

Yemen

Semi-independent feudal rulers

Albania

Duchy of Durazzo

Principality of Albania

Principality of Valona

Bangladesh

Romania

Crown landholders

Estonia

Swedish Estonia

Russian Estonia

  • Catherine I (ruled 8 February 1725 – 17 May 1727)
  • Anna (ruled 13 February 1730 – 28 October 1740)
  • Elizabeth (ruled 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762)
  • Catherine II (ruled 9 July 1762 – 6 November 1796)

Finland

Swedish Finland

Iceland

Norwegian Iceland

Notes

  1. ↑ Joan III of Upper Navarre.
  2. ↑ Joan III of Lower Navarre.
  3. ↑ Isabella I of Navarre.

References

  1. ↑ "El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia". mdc.ulpgc.es. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27.
  2. ↑ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. pp. 26–29, 33–34, 52–53.
  3. ↑ Schneider, Thomas (2006). "The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17)". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. p. 174. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5.
  4. ↑ Hornung, E.; Krauss, R.; Warburton, D. A., eds. (2006). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. p. 492. ISBN 9789047404002.
  5. ↑ Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy.
  6. ↑ Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292787476.
  7. ↑ Chrystal, Paul (2017-02-28). Women at War in the Classical World. Grub Street Publishers. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4738-5661-5.
  8. ↑ Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I". Tyndale House. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  9. ↑ Cleopatra II Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  10. ↑ Cleopatra III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  11. ↑ Cleopatra IV Archived 24 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  12. ↑ Berenice III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  13. ↑ Cleopatra V Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  14. ↑ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3.
  15. ↑ Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). The Pharaohs. London: Quercus. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-78747-900-5.
  16. ↑ Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xx–xxiii, 14, 155. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
  17. ↑ Arsinoe IV Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  18. ↑ Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
  19. ↑ Droa-Krupe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (2021). Powerful Women in the Ancient World: Perception and (Self)Presentation. ISD LLC. pp. 308–316. ISBN 978-3-96327-139-7.
  20. ↑ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5.
  21. 1 2 Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. BRILL. p. 206. ISBN 978-90-04-29401-1.
  22. ↑ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 6.
  23. ↑ Adam Simmons, 'A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520-6)?', Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies (2023), doi:10.5070/D60060625.
  24. 1 2 3 "Guinea Bissau Substates". guide2womenleaders.com.
  25. ↑ Duquette, Danielle Gallois (1983). Dynamique de l'art bidjogo (Guinée-Bissau): contribution à une anthropologie de l'art des sociétés africaines (in French). Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical. p. 71. Dona Juliana, également reine de Canhabaque, qui, par contre, anima l'insurrection de ses sujets contre le gouvernement colonial en 1925
  26. ↑ Duquette, Danielle Gallois (1983). Dynamique de l'art bidjogo (Guinée-Bissau): contribution à une anthropologie de l'art des sociétés africaines (in French). Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical. p. 71. Bernatzik, durant son voyage, entendait vanter le reine Idiana Ibop qui avait succédé à son mari, jusqu'à sa mort trois saisons des piuies auparavant, tellement elle s'était imposée à Canhabaque par son intelligence et sa bonté
  27. 1 2 Basil Davidson (2014). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-317-88265-7.
  28. ↑ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000-12-20). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4616-5931-0.
  29. ↑ Palmer, H. R (1908). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1908.
  30. ↑ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3rd ed.). London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 71. ISBN 9780786425624.
  31. ↑ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7864-2562-4.
  32. 1 2 3 Amirell, Stefan (2015). "Female Rule in the Indian Ocean World (1300–1900)". Journal of World History. 26 (3): 443–489. doi:10.1353/jwh.2015.0023. JSTOR 43901772. S2CID 141655723.
  33. ↑ Ben, Cahoon (ed.). "Madagascar Traditional States". World Statesmen.
  34. ↑ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2011). "The divine kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 1: 407–422. doi:10.14318/hau1.1.016. S2CID 162247139.
  35. ↑ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2020-03-20). Colonial Mentality and the Destiny of Africa. African Renaissance Press. p. 144.
  36. ↑ McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84162-254-5.
  37. ↑ Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-000-14405-5.
  38. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Amponsah, Nana Akua (2012-01-06). Women's Roles in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-313-38545-2.
  39. ↑ "Busongora Kinglist". Busongora-Chwezi Kingdom. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
  40. ↑ Dierks, Klaus. "THE PERIOD OF THE EXPLORERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS". klausdierks.com.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dierks, Klaus. "Traditional Leaders in the History of Namibia". klausdierks.com.
  42. ↑ "Shambyu leader Queen Ribebe has died". The Namibian. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  43. ↑ "Hompa Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu Coronated". nbc. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  44. ↑ "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G". Contributions in New World Archaeology: 269. 2016.
  45. ↑ Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan". Expedition Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 2.
  46. ↑ 권, 혜진 (2017-07-05). "계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-13.
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  48. ↑ Book of Sui, vol. 83
  49. 1 2 Fan, Wenlan (1994). Zhongguo tong shi. Vol. 4. ISBN 978-7-01-002029-7.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Old Book of Tang, vol. 197
  51. ↑ Association of the Buddha Jayanti (1959). Japan and Buddhism. Tokyo News Service. p. 23.
  52. ↑ Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
  53. ↑ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 263–264; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 39–42., p. 39, at Google Books
  54. ↑ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43–54., p. 43, at Google Books
  55. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 59., p. 59, at Google Books
  56. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 63–65, p. 63, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 271; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 140.
  57. ↑ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 65–67., p. 65, at Google Books
  58. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 411–412.
  59. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 419–420.
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