Voiced velar fricative
ɣ
IPA Number141
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɣ
Unicode (hex)U+0263
X-SAMPAG
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɣ, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, γ, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ɤ, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abazaбгъьы/bg"'ı[bɣʲə]'leaf'
Adygheчъыгы/ch"'gy[t͡ʂəɣə]'tree'
Albanian Arbëresh

Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika

gliata [ɣliɑtɑ] 'tall'
Alekanogamó[ɣɑmɤʔ]'cucumber'
Aleutagiitalix[aɣiːtalix]'with'
Angorranihı[ɾɑniɣə]'brother'
Angasγür[ɣyr]'to pick up'
ArabicModern Standard[3]غريب/ġarīb[ɣæˈriːb]نطق كلمة (غريب).wav'stranger'May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology
Aragoneseaugua[ˈawɣwa]'water'Allophone of /ɡ/
Aromanianghini[ˈɣi.ni]'well'Allophone of /ɡ/
AramaicEasternܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġ[pʌɣrɑ]'body' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
Western[fʌɣrɔ]
Asturiangadañu[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]'scythe'Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani Northern oğul [oɣul] 'son'
Southern اوغول/oghul
Basque[5]hego[heɣo]'wing'Allophone of /ɡ/
Belarusianгалава[ɣalaˈva]'head'
Catalan[6]agrat[ɐˈɣɾɑt]'liking'Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ikauga[ˈauːɣa]'his/her/its blood'Never occurs in word-initial positions.
ChechenгӀала / ġala[ɣaːla]'town'
ChineseMandarin (Dongping dialect)俺/Ǎn[ɣän55]'I'
Xiang湖南/húnán[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]'Hunan (province)'
Czechbych byl[bɪɣ bɪl]'I would be'Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Dàgáárè [pɔ́ɣ̮ɔ́] 'woman' May be a velar with strong tap-like features.[7]
Dinkaɣo[ɣo]'us'
Dogribweqa[weɣa]'for'
DutchStandard Belgian[8][9]gaan[ɣaːn]'to go'May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.[9] See Dutch phonology
Southern accents[9]
English Scouse Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology[10]
Northumbrian Burr[11]
Georgian[12]არიბი/ġaribi[ɣɑribi]'poor'May actually be post-velar or uvular
German[13][14]Austriandamalige[ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə]'former'Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech.[13][14] See Standard German phonology
Gharicheghe[tʃeɣe]'five'
Greekγάλα/gála[ˈɣala]'milk'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiવા/vāghaṇ[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]'tigress'See Gujarati phonology
Gwenondeghe [ndeɣe]'bird'
Gwich’invideeghàn[viteːɣân]'his/her chest'
Haitian Creolediri[diɣi]'rice'
Händëgëghor[təkəɣor]'I am playing'
Hebrew Classicalמִגְדָּל/miǧdal[miɣdɔl]'tower'
Hindustani Hindi[15] ग़रीब [ɣ̄əriːb] 'poor' Post-velar,[15] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu غریب
Icelandicsaga[ˈsaːɣa]'saga'See Icelandic phonology
Irisha dhorn ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]'his fist'See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian[16]gură[ˈɣurə]'mouth'Corresponds to [ɡ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja[mulaɣa]'hermit crab'
Japanese[17]はげ/hage[haɣe]'baldness'Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish gato [ˈɣ̞ato̪][18] 'cat'
Kabardianгын/gyn[ɣən]'powder'
Lezgianгъел/ghel[ɣel]'sleigh'
Limburgish[19][20]gaw[ɣɑ̟β̞]'quick'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect עוטג/otogh [ˠotʰoɣ] 'room' Generally post-velar
Lithuanianhumoras[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]'humor'Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German[21]gaan[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]'to go'Increasingly replaced with High German [ɡ]
MalayStandardghaib[ɣai̯b]'unseen'Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/.
Johor-Riau ramai [ɣamai̯] 'crowded (with people)' /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani[ɣamaː]/r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan[ɣamai̯]
Pahang[ɣamɛ̃ː]
Sarawak[ɣamɛː]
MacedonianBerovo accentдувна/duvna[ˈduɣna]'it blew'Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accentглава/glava[ˈɡɣa(v)a]'head'Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Mi'kmaqnisaqan[nisaɣan]'weir'Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology.
Navajo’aghá[ʔaɣa]'best'
Neapolitan Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) chiahäte [kjaˈɣɜ tə][22] 'wounded' Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali का [käɣʌ(d)z] 'paper' Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
NgweMmockngie dialect[nøɣə̀]'sun'
Northern Qianghhnesh[ɣnəʂ]'February'
NorwegianUrban East[23]å ha ˈɣɑː]'to have'Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.[23] See Norwegian phonology
OccitanGascondigoc[diˈɣuk]'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Pashtoغاتر/ghutar[ɣɑtər]'mule'
Persianباغ/Bâġ[bɒːɣ]'garden'
Polishniechże[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]'let' (imperative particle)Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
PortugueseEuropean[24][25]agora[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]'now'Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects[26]rmore[ˈmaɣmuɾi]'marble', 'sill'Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarrīb [ɣ̄əriːb] 'poor'
Shahmukhi غریب/ġarrīb
Romaniγoines[ɣoines]'good'
RussianSouthernдорога/doroga[dɐˈro̞ɣə]'road'Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard
Standardугу/ugu[ʊˈɣu]'uh-huh'Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
горох же / gorokh zhe[ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe]'the peas'Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[27]
Sakhaаҕа/aǧa[aɣa]'father'
SardinianNuorese dialectghere[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]'to suck'Allophone of /ɡ/
Scottish Gaeliclaghail[ɫ̪ɤɣal]'lawful'See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[28]ovih bi[ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi]'of these would'Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[28] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karenဂ့ၤ/ghei[ɣei]'good'
Sindhiغم/ghvmu[ɣəmʊ]'sadness'
Slovene Standard h gori [ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí] 'to the mountain' Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialectsgajba[ˈɣáːjbà]'crate'Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanishamigo[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]'friend'Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[29] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology
Swahilighali[ɣali]'expensive'
SwedishVästerbotten Norrland dialectsmeg[mɪːɣ]'me'Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[30] Here also /∅/ in Kalix.
Tadaksahakzog[zoɣ]'war'
Tajikғафс/ƣafs[ɣafs]'thick'
Tamazightaɣilas (aghilas)[aɣilas]'leopard'
Tamil Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) முகம் [muɣəm] 'face' Not very common
TurkishNon-standardağ[aɣat͡ʃ]'tree'Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
TutchoneNorthernihghú[ihɣǔ]'tooth'
Southernghra[ɣra]'baby'
Tyapghan[ˈɣan]'to hurry'
Uzbek[31]ёмғир / yomir[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]'rain'Post-velar.[31]
Vietnamese[32]ghế[ɣe˧˥]'chair'See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisiandrage[ˈdraːɣə]'to carry'Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Yi/we[ɣɤ˧]'win'
ZhuangLwg roegbit[lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥]'Wild duckling'

See also

Notes

  1. Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 via Internet Archive. Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
  2. Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
  3. Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
  4. Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  5. Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
  6. Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
  7. Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2). doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
  8. Verhoeven (2005:243)
  9. 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003:191)
  10. Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
  11. Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
  12. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  13. 1 2 Krech et al. (2009:108)
  14. 1 2 Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Kachru (2006), p. 20.
  16. Pop (1938), p. 30.
  17. Okada (1999), p. 118.
  18. "Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology", Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, 2021-11-22, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
  19. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  20. Peters (2006:119)
  21. R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
  22. Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.
  23. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
  24. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  25. Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  26. Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
  27. Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
  28. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:67)
  29. Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  30. "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
  31. 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  32. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
  • Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
  • Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
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  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
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