| Voiced retroflex affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dʐ | |||
| IPA Number | 106 (137) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɖ͡ʐ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0256 U+0361 U+0290 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dz` | ||
| |||
The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨d̠͡ʐ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨dʐ⟩, with apical ⟨ɖ̺͡ʐ̺⟩ and laminal ⟨ɖ̻͡ʐ̻⟩ when precision is needed. It occurs in such languages as Polish (the laminal affricate dż) and Northwest Caucasian languages (apical).
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some dialects | ḷḷuna | ['d̠͡ʐunä] | 'moon' | Corresponds to /ʎ/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira |
| Belarusian | джаз | [d̠͡ʐas] | 'jazz' | Laminal. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 长 | [d̠͡ʐaŋ] | 'to grow' | Only found in a few Wu dialects. |
| Some Mandarin speakers | 广州 | [kwaŋ˨˩ d̠͡ʐoʊ˥˥] | 'Guangzhou' | ||
| Khowar[1] | ݮنݮیر | [d̠͡ʐand̠͡ʐer] | 'chain' | - | |
| Polish | Standard[2][3] | dżem | ⓘ | 'jam' | Laminal; it's transcribed /d͡ʒ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[4] | dzwon | [d̠͡ʐvɔn̪] | 'bell' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /d̠͡ʐ/ and /d͡z/ into [d͡z]. | |
| Suwałki dialect[5] | |||||
| Northern Qiang | vvdhe | [ʁd̠͡ʐə] | 'star' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[6][7] | џеп / džep | [d̠͡ʐê̞p] | 'pocket' | Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[8] | džús | [d̠͡ʐu̞ːs] | 'juice' | Laminal. | |
| Torwali[9] | حؕىگ | [d̠͡ʐiɡ̥] | 'long' | Contrasts with a palatal affricate. | |
| Yi | ꎐ / rry | [d̠͡ʐɪ˧] | 'tooth' | ||
See also
Notes
- ↑ Farid Ahmad Raza,Preliminary Grapheme to Phoneme Khowar Alphabet Chart, Booni Chitral http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/grapheme_to_phoneme.pdf
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Hamann (2004:65)
- ↑ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
- ↑ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
- ↑ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Lunsford (2001:16–20)
References
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
External links
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