Sitting Volleyball
Highest governing body
  1. ISMGF (1956-1981) No Organ
  2. ISOD (1981-1992)
  3. ISOD (1992-1994) Separate
  4. WOVD (1994-2014)
  5. WPV (2014-Now)
Characteristics
Mixed-sexNo
TypeIndoor
Presence
Paralympic1976 - 1980
Netherlands versus Japan women's match at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London

Sitting volleyball is a form of volleyball for athletes with a disability. As opposed to standing volleyball, sitting volleyball players must sit on the floor to play.

History

Sitting volleyball was invented in the Netherlands by the Dutch Sport Committee in 1956 as a rehabilitation sport for injured soldiers. [1][2] In 1958, the first international sitting volleyball contact was held between Germany and Dutch clubteams.[3]

It was created as a combination of volleyball and sitzball, a German sport with no net and seated players. Sitting volleyball first appeared in the Toronto 1976 Paralympic games as a demonstration sport for athletes with impaired mobility, and both standing and sitting volleyball became officially included as medal sports in the Paralympic games at Arnhem in 1980. Women’s sitting volleyball was added for the Athens 2004 Paralympic Games. [4]

After the London 2012 games, VolleySLIDE was founded by Matt Rogers to promote and develop the sport globally. [5] Eight men's and eight women's teams competed in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games.[1]

Rules

Men's sitting volleyball match between a combined US Navy-Coast Guard team and the US Army

In sitting volleyball, a 7-metre-long (23 ft), 0.8-metre-wide (2 ft 7 in) net is set at 1.15 metres (3.8 feet) high for men and 1.05 metres (3.4 feet) high for women. The court is 10 by 6 metres (33 by 20 feet) meters with a 2-metre (6.6-foot) attack line. The rules are the same as the original form of volleyball with the exceptions that players must have at least one buttock in contact with the floor whenever they make contact with the ball and it is also possible to block the serve.[6][3]

Athletes with the following disabilities are eligible to compete in sitting volleyball: athletes with amputations, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, brain injuries and stroke. Classifications of these athletes by disability are placed into two categories: MD and D. MD stands for "Minimally Disabled," and D stands for “Disabled.” While Minimally Disabled athletes have lost only a fraction of their muscular strength and flexibility in a joint preventing them from successfully playing standing volleyball, Disabled athletes have lost all of their muscular strength and flexibility in that joint.

Only two MD players are allowed on the roster for the Paralympic Games and only one is allowed on the court at a time; this is to keep the competition fair between rival teams. The rest of the team must be classified as D players.[3][7] Skills are largely identical to the sport of volleyball and the following game terminology apply:

  • Ace - A serve that lands in the opponent's court without being touched.
  • Attack - An attempt by a player to win a point by hitting the ball over the net.
  • Attack line - In indoor volleyball, a line three metres from the net which marks the limit for where a back-row player may advance to hit a ball from above the net.
  • Back-row player - In indoor volleyball, any of three players positioned at the back of the court.
  • Block - To block an opposing player from spiking the ball by jumping at the net with arms in the air.
  • Boom - In beach volleyball, a spike straight down into the sand (slang).
  • Centre line - In indoor volleyball, the imaginary line running directly under the net and dividing the court in half.
  • Chuck - To push or throw the ball rather than hit it (slang).
  • Court - The playing area.
  • Crossing space - The zone above the net and between two antennae through which the ball must pass during a rally.
  • Dig - A defensive move in which both arms are placed together in an attempt to bounce a hard-hit ball up into the air.
  • End line - A back boundary line of the court.
  • Facial - A boom or spike that hits an opponent in the face (slang).
  • Fault - A foul or error which results in the loss of the rally.
  • Front-row player - In indoor volleyball, any of three players positioned closest to the net.
  • Front zone - In indoor volleyball, the area between the net and the attack line.
  • Ground - To hit the ball to the ground, preferably on the other team's court.
  • Heater - A hard-hit or spiked ball (slang).
  • Hit - To touch the ball as an offensive player, one of three "hits" allowed a team in getting the ball back over the net.
  • Hold - To let the ball settle into the hands briefly on a shot instead of releasing it immediately.
  • Joust - A joust occurs above the net between two or more opposing players that forces the ball to become stationary. Point is replayed.
  • Kill - To smash the ball overarm into the opponent's court; also called a "spike".
  • Kong - A one-handed block, named after King Kong's style of swatting biplanes in the original King Kong movie (slang).
  • Libero - In indoor volleyball, a substitute defensive player especially adept at digging.
  • Lip - A good dig (slang).
  • Match - A series of sets to determine a winner.
  • Mintonette - The original name for volleyball.
  • Missile - A spike or serve hit out of bounds (slang).
  • Pass - the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack.
  • Rally - The exchange of plays that decides each point.
  • Rotate - In indoor volleyball, to move to the next position on the floor in a clockwise manner.
  • Screen - To impede the opponent's view of the ball during the serve.
  • Serve - The stroke used to put the ball in play at the start of each rally.
  • Set - 1. The part of a match completed when one side has scored enough points to win a single contest. 2. To position the ball so a teammate can attack.
  • Setter - A player who excels in setting up teammates to attack.
  • Sideline - A side boundary line on a court.
  • Spade - An ace (slang).
  • Spike - To smash the ball overarm into the opponent's court; also called a "kill".
  • Windmill Spike (hand movement during Spike follows motion of windmill).,

Members

World ParaVolley

List also includes former members (national teams that took part in previous major tournaments).

List of sitting volleyball national teams[8]

Championships

Paralympics

Sitting volleyball was first demonstrated at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1976 and was introduced as a full Paralympic event in 1980. The 2000 games was the last time standing volleyball appeared on the Paralympic programme. The women's sitting volleyball event introduction followed in the 2004 Paralympic Games.[6]

World ParaVolley (formerly WOVD) World Championships

Sitting

Men's Sitting - Past winners

Year Location Gold Silver Bronze
Netherlands 1983 Delden Netherlands Netherlands Germany Germany Finland Finland
Norway 1985 Kristiansand Iran Iran Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Netherlands Netherlands
Hungary 1986 Pécs Iran Iran Hungary Hungary Netherlands Netherlands
United States 1989 Las Vegas Netherlands Netherlands Hungary Hungary Germany Germany
Netherlands 1990 Assen Iran Iran Netherlands Netherlands Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Germany 1994 Bottrop Iran Iran Norway Norway Netherlands Netherlands
Iran 1998 Tehran Iran Iran Finland Finland Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Egypt 2002 Cairo Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Iran Iran
Netherlands 2006 Roermond Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran Iran Egypt Egypt
United States 2010 Edmond Iran Iran Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Egypt Egypt
Poland 2014 Elblag Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brazil Iran Iran
Netherlands 2018 The Hague Iran Iran Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Ukraine Ukraine
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2022 Sarajevo Iran Iran Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brazil
  • Ranking
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Iran81211
2 Bosnia and Herzegovina3317
3 Netherlands2136
4 Germany0213
5 Hungary0202
6 Brazil0112
 Finland0112
 Yugoslavia0112
9 Norway0101
10 Egypt0022
11 Ukraine0011
Totals (11 entries)13131339

Women's Sitting - Past winners

Year Location Gold Silver Bronze
Germany 1994 Bottrop Netherlands Netherlands Latvia Latvia Lithuania Lithuania
Netherlands 2000 Maastricht Netherlands Netherlands Finland Finland Slovenia Slovenia
Slovenia 2002 Kamnik Netherlands Netherlands Slovenia Slovenia Finland Finland
Netherlands 2006 Roermond Netherlands Netherlands China China Slovenia Slovenia
United States 2010 Edmond China China United States United States Ukraine Ukraine
Poland 2014 Elblag China China United States United States Russia Russia
Netherlands 2018 Rotterdam Russia Russia United States United States China China
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2022 Sarajevo Brazil Brazil Canada Canada United States United States


  • Ranking
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Netherlands4004
2 China2114
3 Russia1012
4 Brazil1001
5 United States0314
6 Slovenia0123
7 Finland0112
8 Canada0101
 Latvia0101
10 Lithuania0011
 Ukraine0011
Totals (11 entries)88824

Standing

Beach

ParaVolley Europe (formerly ECVD) European Championships

Men's Sitting - Past winners

[9]

Year Location Gold Silver Bronze
Germany 1981 Bonn Netherlands Netherlands Germany Germany Sweden Sweden
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1987 Sarajevo Netherlands Netherlands Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
United Kingdom 1991 Nottingham Netherlands Netherlands
Finland 1993 Järvenpää Norway Norway Finland Finland
Slovenia 1995 Ljubljana Hungary Hungary
Estonia 1997 Tallinn Finland Finland Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1999 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Finland Finland
Hungary 2001 Sárospatak Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany
Finland 2003 Lappeenranta Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Finland Finland
Germany 2005 Leverkusen Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Russia Russia
Hungary 2007 Nyíregyháza Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Russia Germany Germany
Poland 2009 Elblag Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Russia Germany Germany
Netherlands 2011 Rotterdam Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Russia Germany Germany
Poland 2013 Elblag Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Russia Germany Germany
Germany 2015 Warendorf Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Russia Russia
Croatia 2017 Poreč Russia Russia Ukraine Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hungary 2019 Budapest Russia Russia Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany
Turkey 2021 Antalya Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Russia Germany Germany
Italy 2023 Caorle Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Germany Ukraine Ukraine

Women's Sitting - Past winners

Year Location Gold Silver Bronze
1993 Finland Jarvenpaa Netherlands Netherlands Finland Finland Estonia Estonia
1995 Slovenia Ljubljana Netherlands Netherlands Latvia Latvia Slovenia Slovenia
1997 Estonia Tallinn Latvia Latvia Lithuania Lithuania Netherlands Netherlands
1999 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Slovenia Slovenia Finland Finland Netherlands Netherlands
2001 Hungary Sarospatak Netherlands Netherlands Slovenia Slovenia Finland Finland
2003 Finland Lappeenranta Netherlands Netherlands Slovenia Slovenia Finland Finland
2005 Germany Leverkusen Netherlands Netherlands Lithuania Lithuania Slovenia Slovenia
2007 Hungary Nyiregyhaza Netherlands Netherlands Ukraine Ukraine Slovenia Slovenia
2009 Poland Elblag Netherlands Netherlands Ukraine Ukraine Slovenia Slovenia
2011 Netherlands Rotterdam Ukraine Ukraine Netherlands Netherlands Russia Russia
2013 Poland Elblag Russia Russia Ukraine Ukraine Slovenia Slovenia
2015 Slovenia Podcetrtek Ukraine Ukraine Russia Russia Slovenia Slovenia
2017 Croatia Poreč Russia Russia Ukraine Ukraine Netherlands Netherlands
2019 Hungary Budapest Russia Russia Italy Italy Ukraine Ukraine
2021 Turkey Antalya Russia Russia Italy Italy Germany Germany
2023 Italy Caorle Italy Italy Slovenia Slovenia Ukraine Ukraine

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Sitting Volleyball." Tokyo 1500. https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/paralympic/sitting-volleyball/.
  2. "ParaVolley & Deaf Volleyball". www.volleyballaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  3. 1 2 3 “Sitting Volleyball: Paralympic Classification Interactive.” Team USA, United States Olympic Committee, 2019, www.teamusa.org/US-Paralympics/athlete-classifications/standing- volleyball/.
  4. "Sport Week: History of Sitting Volleyball." Official Website of the Paralympic Movement, 2016. https://www.paralympic.org/news/sport-week-history-sitting-volleyball/.
  5. "VolleySlide Founder and Leader. World ParaVolley VolleySLIDE. http://www.volleyslide.net/founder-leader/4583509203/.
  6. 1 2 Ng, Kwok (2012). When Sitting is Not Resting: Sitting Volleyball. Bloomington, IL: Authorhouse. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-4772-1789-4.
  7. “Sitting Volleyball.” UCO, sites.uco.edu/wellness/sr/trainingsite/tssitvolleyball.asp.
  8. "Sitting Volleyball Rankings > World ParaVolley".
  9. Kwok Ng (26 September 2016). "Major Competitions". www.sittingvolleyball.info. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
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