Bade
Native toNigeria
RegionYobe State, Jigawa State
Native speakers
360,000 (2020)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3bde
Glottologbade1248
ELP

Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a West Chadic language spoken by the Bade people in Yobe State and Jigawa State, Nigeria. Their traditional ruler is the Emir of Bade. Similar to many other Western African languages, Bade is a vulnerable language at great risk of extinction.[2] With 356,000 speakers,[3] the language and the culture of the Bade people have suffered over the last several years. As the language continues to fade, the culture and historic value associated with the language perishes as well. The local dialect is shifting from Bade to Hausa.[3] Across West Africa, the impact on local communities through the loss of the indigenous tongues will be significant. The endangerment of the Bade language represents the worldwide language diversity that is at risk.[4] Many African languages have only received little linguistic attention, impacting these African languages.[5]

Classification

Bade is classified under the following categories: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper.[3]

History

While historical information about the Bade language is limited in scope, many words in the Bade language take root in the Kanuri language.[6] The Kanuri language is primarily spoken in West Africa, including: Nigeria and Chad. Bade and Ngizim have borrowed a number of words from the Kanuri language.[6] According to traditional accounts, the Bade language itself originates from the Badr of Yemen and the Prophet Muhammad purportedly drove the Bade people out after a failure to pray.[6] Currently, as one of the many Nigerian endangered languages, bade serves as a local dialect. In general, Nigerian languages comprise the wealth of linguistic diversity that exists in the country.[7] Over the years, colonization has also played a role in the deteroriation of local languages, which Bade happens to be among, that for now, most of the Bade villages are becoming Hausa speaking villages.[8]

Geographic distribution

The speakers of the Bade language are centered in Nigeria. It is spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria.[9]

Official status

The language is not the official language of Nigeria or any other country.

Dialects/varieties

There are three dialects of the Bade language that coincide with regions:[3]

  • Gashua Bade (Mazgarwa)
  • Southern Bade (Bade-Kado)
  • Western Bade (Amshi, Maagwaram, Shirawa)

Phonology

Most West Chadic languages have a similar consonant inventory separated into eight major groups: labialized laryngeal, laryngeal, labialized velar, velar, lateral, alveopalatal, alveolar, and labial.[10] In the Bade/Ngizim languages, the glottal stop plays no role, but the vowel hiatus relies on elision and coalescence. The sounds also feature a "yawning" and has a shift from fricative to stop.[10]

Grammar

The grammar for the Bade language is consistent with the Ngizim language.[10]

Morphology and syntax

The Bade/Ngizim languages slightly differ from other Chadic languages.[10] Bade and Ngizim have long vowels in closed syllables. Mid vowels also have a restricted use compared to other vowels. Mid vowels will rather appear as loanwords from other languages.[10] The language preserves diphthongs in both native and loanwords.

Vocabulary

The Bade language has strong influence from the Kanuri language. There are many loanwords from Kanuri to West Chadic languages, including Bade.[11] Bade is commonly grouped with the Ngizim language. As an example, the word "healthy" is "nga" in the Kanuri language and 'ngā' in the Ngizim language.[11] More recently, the Hausa language has influenced the Bade language.[12]

Fish names

Below are some fish names of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Bade, along with their Hausa and Manga Kanuri equivalent names. Note that many of the species have not been observed recently, due to the drying up of the region.[13]

Scientific nameEnglishBadeHausaMangaPresent in 2003?
fish (general)Vunakonkíífííbúnì
kur cibil ?
awgirinkanze
amimiwalkúr̃úƙúllìì
Hepsetus odoeAfrican pikenjig duwaŋkiribuniNo
Labeo coubieAfrican carpNo
Synodontis spp.catfishƙùrúngùùNo
Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latuslutefishkalafanbáánààpalewalNo
Hemichromis bimaculatus, Hemichromis fasciatusjewelfishbakar
Heterotis niloticusbonytongueufdakon, ebugancenbárgììbayaYes
Mormyrus macrophthalmuspatima kururunburar buzu
Labeo senegalensisAfrican carpgadabdanbúrdòòbәskәmNo
Marcusenius ihyuysigulendagarilamsaYes
Epiplatys spp., Aplocheilichthys spp.killifish/panchax, toothed carpak dakwandankya, akunu
Barbus spp.buk zәmәndigila, bakin burdobәskәm, cilimonly seen near Geidam
Brycinus leuciscusAfrican tetraswasandindukurimәɗiNo
Oreochromis aureus (formerly Tilapia aurea)tilapiakafakundugurukawowoYes
Parachanna obscurasnakeheadmudugundúmnóódumnoNo
Clarias submarginatuscatfishdundin
Clarotes sp. ? ?dùrùdúrùù
Labeo sp.African carpɗán dáátàà
Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latuslutefishfàlfàlfálfàl
Sarotherodon galileus (formerly Tilapia galilaea)tilapiakafakun hetafárín walaholoYes
Protopterus annectenslungfishambungáìwááambuYes
Heterobranchus bidorsalismәsangara raka (?) ?
Polypterus spp.bichir fishawiɗongàrgázáá, garzabàràkádíNo
Lates niloticusNile perchkaɓәlingííwár̃ rúwááɓáríyààɓariyaNo
Mormyrus isidori ?hààlàɓà
Clarias sp.catfishaalanjàrííariYes
Brycinus macrolepidotusAfrican tetras ?kándáurákàà ?No
Ichthyborus besse ? but cf. ‘otter’kàren rúwáá
Tilapia spp.tilapiaɗiɗikirkárfásááYes
Distichodus spp.grasseaterkaskasankáwsàà cihaki
Tetraodon fahakapufferfishkuɗiɗin mәfkәtәn, məkfətənkómbáníkubeNo
Dasyatis garouaensisdotted raywurjik duwankunaman rúwáá
Mormyrus rumeelephantsnout fish, trunkfishlámsàà
Parailia pellucidakalaparlaparlaparYes
Schilbe spp.butter catfishganunlûlúú mai kayalulu
Chrysichthys sp.mai barewa
Tilapia ziliitilapiakafakun suk jijinmai gidan gaci karfasa shurikawowoYes
Heterobranchus spp. ?mài leemu ?
Malapterurus electricuselectric catfishmjaŋ, njanmínjíryáámuuYes
Bagrus filamentosussilver catfishmumfal [?]
Bagrus bayad, Bagrus docmaksilver catfishmasamaninmúskòòmazambaleYes
Marcusenius cyprinoidestakɗopayapayaNo
Alestes baremozeAfrican tetraszantarin saaronsááróósaraŋNo
Oreochromis niloticus (formerly Tilapia nilotica)tilapiaandalonsakiyakawowoYes
Mormyrus sp.sááwáyàà
Siluranodon auritus ?sháŋsháŋ (given as Synodontis sp. in other sources) ?
Clarias sp.catfishmәsantárwáɗáábigiriYes
Marcusenius abadiikurinyintáátàr̃lamsaYes
Campylomormyrus tamanduatәrwәn, sawayentola, kánzáyíítólà, sawayaYes
Hydrocynus vittatustigerfishdlayad, dleyal, jik duwantságííjayNo
Brycinus nurseAfrican tetraszharwon, saronƙááwàráádedaNo
Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Chrysichthys auratusdumdumi, gajakanƙàrááyááŋgayaYes
Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Auchenoglanis biscutatuscatfishkazhakatyàunííŋgayaYes
Gymnarchus niloticusmәzәmanzááwààkaazNo

Writing system

The Bade language uses a Latin script writing script.[3] The Latin script is the most widely used writing system in the world, serving as the system for the English language as well.[14]

Bade alphabet[15]
ƏABƁC DƊEFG HIJKL MNŊOP RSTU VWYʼYZ
əabɓc dɗefg hijkl mnŋop rstu vwyʼyz

The letter R̃ is only used in the Gashua dialect.

References

  1. Bade at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. Blench, R (2007). "Endangered Languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Enthnologue Bade".
  4. Whalen, D.H. (2012). "Endangered language families". Language. 88: 155–173. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0012. hdl:10125/5017. S2CID 143898338.
  5. Lupke, Friederike (2009). "At the margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses" (PDF). African Research & Documentation. 109: 15–41. doi:10.1017/S0305862X00016472. S2CID 142849572.
  6. 1 2 3 Schuh, R.G. (2003). "The linguistic influence of Kanuri on Bade and Ngizim" (PDF). Maiduguri Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies: 55–89.
  7. Conrad Max Benedict, B (1993). "Democratisation of Language Use in Public Domains in Nigeria". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31 (4): 639–656. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00012283. S2CID 155020713.
  8. Novak, Amy (2008). "Who speaks? Who listens?: The problem of address in two Nigerian trauma novels". Studies in the Novel. 40 (1–2): 31–51. doi:10.1353/sdn.0.0013. S2CID 49386578.
  9. Schuh, Russell (2009). "Yobe Languages Research Project".
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Schuh, Russell (2002). "Overview of Bade/Ngizim of Phonology" (PDF).
  11. 1 2 Schuh, Russell (2002). "The Phonology and Morphology of Bade and Ngizim". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  12. Schuh, Russell (1997). "Changes in Obstruent Voicing in Bade/Ngizim" (PDF).
  13. Blench, Roger (2020). "Changing fisheries ecology in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands" (PDF).
  14. "Latin".
  15. Dagona & Schuh 2009, p. vii.

Sources

  • Dagona, Bala Wakili; Schuh, Russell G (2009). Bade-English-Hausa dictionary : (western dialect). Ajami.

Further reading

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