Phoebe
Phoebe formosana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Phoebe
Nees
Species

See text

Phoebe is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. There are 75 accepted species in the genus, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and New Guinea.[1] 35 species occur in China, of which 27 are endemic.[2] The first description of the genus was of the type species P. lanceolata made in 1836 by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Systema Laurinarum, p. 98.

Description

Phoebe species are evergreen shrubs or trees with pinnately veined leaves. The flowers are hermaphrodite, white, small and fragrant, and are grouped in branched terminal inflorescences in the form of panicles. The bracts are all of equal length or the outer ones are slightly shorter than the inner ones. The ovary is oval to spherical. The stigma is capitate or bowl-shaped. The fruits are enveloped by the enlarged bracts. Fruits are usually oval to spherical. The fruit is a berry and has only a single seed that is frequently dispersed by birds.

Distribution

Up to 100 species of Phoebe are currently reported in Asia, with 27 species endemic to China.[2]

Ecology

The fruits of the genus are fleshy berries.

Species

75 species are currently accepted:[1]

  • Phoebe angustifolia Meisn. – Indochina, Assam, and China (southeastern Yunnan)
  • Phoebe assamica Kalyankumar – northeastern India
  • Phoebe attenuata (Nees) Nees – Eastern Himalayas, northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Vietnam
  • Phoebe baishyae M.Gangop. - Arunachal Pradesh in India
  • Phoebe birmanica Kosterm. – Myanmar
  • Phoebe bootanica (Meisn.) M.Gangop., synonym of Phoebe hainesiana – central and eastern Himalayas and northeastern India
  • Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C.Yang - southern China and Hainan
  • Phoebe brachythyrsa H.W.Li – northeastern Yunnan in China
  • Phoebe calcarea S.Lee & F.N.Wei – Guangxi and southern Guizhou in China
  • Phoebe canescens (Blume) Miq. – Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra
  • Phoebe cathia (D.Don) Kosterm. – southwestern and northeastern India, eastern Himalayas, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam
  • Phoebe cavaleriei (H.Lév.) Y.Yang & Bing Liu – Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and Guizhou in China
  • Phoebe chartacea (Blume) Miq. – Java
  • Phoebe chekiangensis C.B.Shang – China (eastern Jiangxi, northern Fujian, and northern Zhejiang)
  • Phoebe clemensii C.K.Allen – New Guinea
  • Phoebe cooperiana P.C.Kanjilal & Das[3] – northeastern India
  • Phoebe crassipedicella S.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (southern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi)
  • Phoebe cuneata (Blume) Blume – Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi
  • Phoebe cuspidata Blume – Java
  • Phoebe dehaasiifolia Kosterm. – Thailand
  • Phoebe elliptica Blume – Peninsular Malaysia, Java
  • Phoebe excelsa (Blume) Nees – Java
  • Phoebe faberi (Hemsl.) Chun – central China
  • Phoebe forbesii Gamble – New Guinea
  • Phoebe formosana (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan and Anhui
  • Phoebe gamblei Kamik. – Java
  • Phoebe glabrifolia Merr. – Philippines
  • Phoebe glaucifolia S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – southeastern Tibet and central Yunnan
  • Phoebe glaucophylla H.W.Li – southeastern Yunnan
  • Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr. – Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi
  • Phoebe hainanensis Merr. – Hainan
  • Phoebe hedgei M.Gangop. & A.Sarmah – Arunachal Pradesh
  • Phoebe hekouensis Bing Liu, W.Y.Jin, L.N.Zhao & Y.Yang – Yunnan
  • Phoebe holosericea Blume – Sumatra
  • Phoebe hui W.C.Cheng ex Y.C.Yang – China (Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and southern Shaanxi)
  • Phoebe hunanensis Hand.-Mazz. – central and southern China
  • Phoebe hungmaoensis S.K.Lee – China (Hainan and southwestern and southern Guangxi), Vietnam
  • Phoebe javanica Meisn. – Java
  • Phoebe kjellbergii Kosterm. – Sulawesi
  • Phoebe kunstleri Gamble – Vietnam, Laos, Borneo
  • Phoebe kwangsiensis H.Liu – China (southwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi)
  • Phoebe laevis Kosterm. – Borneo
  • Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees – India, Bangladesh, eastern Himalaya, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, China (southern Yunnan)
  • Phoebe legendrei Lecomte – China (western and southeastern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan)
  • Phoebe leiophylla Miq. – Borneo and Sulawesi
  • Phoebe liana Y.Yang – China (Guizhou)
  • Phoebe lichuanensis S.K.Lee – China (southwestern Hubei)
  • Phoebe longepetiolata Kosterm. – Sumatra
  • Phoebe lucida Blume – Sumatra and Borneo
  • Phoebe lummaoensis M.Gangop. – Myanmar
  • Phoebe macrocarpa C.Y.Wu, synonym of Phoebe poilanei – China (southeastern Yunnan) and northern Vietnam
  • Phoebe macrophylla Blume – Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Maluku, New Guinea
  • Phoebe megacalyx H.W.Li – China (southeastern Yunnan) to northern Vietnam
  • Phoebe motuonan S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – southeastern Tibet
  • Phoebe neurantha (Hemsl.) Gamble – central and southern China
  • Phoebe neuranthoides S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – central and southern China
  • Phoebe nigrifolia S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (southwestern Guangxi)
  • Phoebe obtusa Blume ex Meisn. – Java
  • Phoebe pallida (Nees) Nees – western and central Himalaya, Northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam
  • Phoebe petelotii Kosterm. ex H.H.Pham – Vietnam
  • Phoebe pierrei Lecomte – Cambodia
  • Phoebe prazeri M.Gangop. – Myanmar
  • Phoebe puwenensis W.C.Cheng – China (southern Yunnan)
  • Phoebe rufescens H.W.Li – China (southwestern Yunnan)
  • Phoebe scortechinii (Gamble) Kochummen ex de Kok – Peninsular Malaysia
  • Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble – southern China and Vietnam
  • Phoebe siamensis Kosterm. – Thailand
  • Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) Merr. – Philippines
  • Phoebe tavoyana Hook.f. –  China (Yunnan, southeastern Guangxi, and Guangdong), Indochina, and Peninsular Malaysia
  • Phoebe tenuifolia Kosterm. – Philippines and Sulawesi
  • Phoebe wightii Meisn. – southwestern India
  • Phoebe yaiensis S.K.Lee – China (southwestern Guangxi and Hainan) and Vietnam
  • Phoebe yunnanensis H.W.Li – China (western Yunnan)
  • Phoebe zhennan S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (Sichuan, western Hubei, and northwestern Guizhou)

Formerly placed here

Phylogeny

After[4]

clade I  

Mac. robusta

Mac. sp. W14071

Mac. sp. W14068

Pho. minutiflora

Mac. japonica

Mac. decursinervis

Mac. grijsii

Mac. platycarpa

Mac. yunnanensis

Mac. kwangtungensis

Mac. oculodracontis

Mac. duthiei

Mac. gamblei

Mac. oreophila

Mac. leptophylla

Pho. faberi

Mac. salicoides

Mac. pomifera

Mac. salicina

Mac. thunbergii

Mac. breviflora

Mac. pingii

Mac. shweliensis

Mac gongshanensis

Mac. phoenicis

Mac. monticola

Deh. caesia

Deh. hainanensis

Als. sp. W17084

Deh. sp. L20070187

Als. semecarpifolia

Als. huanglianshanensis

Als. gigaphylla

Not. umbelliflora

Deh. sp. A34

Deh. incrassata

clade II  
Persea clade I   

Per. aurata

Per. splendens

Per. major

Per. weberbaueri  

Per. sp. V25232

Per. sp. W19517

Per. alba

Per. sp. W14875

Per. sp. B21834

Per. lingue

Per. caerulea

Per. borbonia

Per. haenkeana

Per. palustris

Per. indica

Per. areolatocostae

Persea clade II   

Per. americana

Per. styermarkii

Apo. barbujana

clade III  
Phoebe clade I  

Pho. formosana

Pho. chekiangensis  

Pho. nanmu

Pho. neurantha

Pho. lanceolata

Pho. sp. L20070260

Pho. zhennan

Pho. macrocarpa

Pho. angustifolia

Phoebe clade II  

Pho. cuneata

Pho. elliptica

Pho. sp. A49

Pho. puwenensis

Pho. hungmaoensis

Pho. megacalyx

Per. nudigemma

Als. rugosa

Als. hainanensis  

Als. sp. W14264

Per. sphaerocarpa

Per. sp. W21874

Als. petiolaris

Als. andersonii

Neo. sericea

Neo. howii

Neo. cambodiana  

Act. cupularis

Act. trichocarpa

Lit. verticillata

Lin. megaphylla

Lit. auriculata

Lin. erythrocarpa

Machias clade
Alseodaphne-Dehaasia clade
Persea clade
Phoebe clade
Alseodaphne-Persea group
Outgroups

Fossil record

Several fossil cupules, some with fruits inside of †Phoebe bohemica from the early Miocene, have been found at the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 Phoebe Nees. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 29 August 2022.
  2. 1 2 Fa-Nan Wei & Henk van der Werff. "Phoebe". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  3. "Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Kanj. & Das | Species". Indiabiodiversity.org. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  4. Li, Lang; Li, Jie; Rohwer, Jens G.; van der Werff, Henk; Wang, Zhi-Hua; Li, Hsi-Wen (September 2011). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Persea group (Lauraceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of tropical and subtropical Amphi-Pacific disjunctions". American Journal of Botany. 98 (9): 1520–1536. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100006. PMID 21860056.
  5. A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118
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