Monique Ryan
MP
A picture of Ryan speaking in front of a microphone
Ryan in 2022
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Kooyong
Assumed office
21 May 2022
Preceded byJosh Frydenberg
Personal details
Born
Monique Marie Ryan

(1967-01-20) 20 January 1967[1]
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Political partyIndependent
Children3
Alma materUniversity of Melbourne
University of Sydney
OccupationPaediatric neurologist
Known forDirector of Neurology at The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne
Websitehttps://www.moniqueryan.com.au/

Monique Marie Ryan (born 20 January 1967) is an Australian politician and former paediatric neurologist. She is currently the independent member of parliament for the Division of Kooyong, having won the seat at the 2022 Australian federal election.

Ryan completed her medical qualifications in Melbourne, Sydney and Boston, before becoming director of neurology at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital in 2014. In 2022, Ryan became a teal independent candidate for the division of Kooyong, supported by Climate 200, and defeated the incumbent Liberal member Josh Frydenberg, who was also the Treasurer in the Morrison government at the time.

Early life

Ryan was born in Melbourne on 20 January 1967.[1] She has a twin sister and is one of seven children born to Maurice and Marguerite Ryan.[2]

Ryan grew up in the suburbs of Caulfield North, Toorak and Hawthorn.[3] She attended Loreto Mandeville Hall, Toorak, graduating as dux in 1984.[4]

Medical career

Ryan graduated in medicine at the University of Melbourne in 1991. Ryan then completed her paediatric training in Sydney and a neurology residency at the Children's Hospital Boston, in Boston. Ryan also completed a neurophysiology fellowship at the Lahey Clinic in Boston.[5] In 2015, Ryan became director of neurology at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, where she supervised 45 people and had a research budget of A$3.5 million.[6][5][7] Ryan was also appointed as head of the RCH neuromuscular clinic and neuromuscular research unit.[8]

Ryan has over 150 peer-reviewed publications and has overseen a number of clinical trials for neuromuscular diseases including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and spinal muscular atrophy.[5] Ryan's publications have over 10,000 citations, and she has an H-index of 50, which is a measure of the impact of her research.[9] She was joint editor of Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: A clinician's approach, a textbook published in 2014.[10]

Ryan was awarded prizes for her research in neurology by the Child Neurology Society (USA) in 2000, the American Academy of Neurologists in 2002, and the XIth International Congress on Neuromuscular Disorders in 2006.[11] In 2019, Ryan was awarded the Australian Financial Review 100 Women of Influence Innovation Award for her impact in medical research.[8]

In 2019 and 2023, Ryan was called as an expert witness to inquiries into the deaths of Kathleen Folbigg's children, where she testified that neurogenetic disorders may have been the cause of the death of Folbigg's son Patrick.[12]

Election campaign

Ryan was announced as the independent candidate to run in the 2022 federal election in the division of Kooyong. Her candidacy came about after she responded to an advertisement in The Age calling for an independent to unseat Josh Frydenberg, after he had previously received an 8% swing against him in the previous election.[3] Ryan was one of a number of centrist[13] teal independents who campaigned to unseat moderate Liberal Party MPs on the basis of a lack of action on climate change, amongst other policies.[3] The classification of "teal independent" derives from the colours used in Ryan's campaign, as well as referencing a political blend between Liberal (blue) and Green policies.[14][15][16] Ryan was previously a member of the Australian Labor Party between 2007 and 2010, a fact which led Frydenberg to characterise Ryan as a "fake independent".[17][18]

Ryan campaigned primarily on policies relating to climate change and anti-corruption.[3][19] The Morrison government consistently opposed a federal anti-corruption commission or federal version of New South Wales' Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), with prime minister Morrison describing ICAC as a "kangaroo court".[20] Ryan and other teals campaigned on their support of a federal ICAC, and Ryan specifically endorsing the ICAC model proposed by independent MP Helen Haines.[19][20]

Ryan's campaign was backed by Voices of Kooyong, an organisation established by former politics academic Ann Capling, and was reported to have 1500 volunteers and more than 2000 donors, as of April 2022.[3][21][22] The volunteer manager of Ryan's campaign was Rob Baillieu, son of former Victorian premier Ted Baillieu. Ted had previously campaigned for Frydenberg.[21] Volunteers from Ryan's campaign canvassed every household in the electorate.[21] 3700 individual donors contributed to her campaign, totalling A$1.84 million.[23] A$749,000 was provided by Climate 200, a climate advocacy organisation who contributed A$5.96 million combined to the campaigns of teal candidates.[23] Between January and March of 2022, Ryan's campaign spent A$86,700 on advertisements on Facebook, with Frydenberg's campaign spending $57,359 on competing advertising over the same period.[24] In total, Ryan's campaign spent A$2.122 million, and Frydenberg's spent around A$2 million.[23][21]

On 2 May, Frydenberg stated at a function that Ryan's mother-in-law had approached him in the street and stated she would vote for him.[25] Ryan initially stated that the anecdote was untrue, but later stated that it was true, and that it was inappropriate for family members to be drawn into the campaign.[26] On 5 May, Ryan and Frydenberg participated in a televised debate hosted by Sky News in Hawthorn Town Hall in front of a live audience.[27] During the debate, Ryan called Frydenberg the "Treasurer for New South Wales", a criticism of the federal government's approach to COVID-19 that was perceived to favour NSW over Victoria.[19] By 6 May, Ryan's campaign stated that it had issued more than 3000 corflutes and posters, enough for 1 in 25 houses in Kooyong.[28] In early May, the walls of a pub at Kew junction were painted with a mural depicting Ryan, but the painting was stopped on 13 May as the building owner had not given permission.[29]

Ryan won Kooyong at the 2022 election, receiving 52.9% of the two-candidate vote, defeating federal treasurer Josh Frydenberg.[30][31] Ryan indicated her first priority would be action on climate change.[32]

Dispute with Sally Rugg

After winning the seat of Kooyong at the 2022 election, Ryan hired Sally Rugg as chief of staff. Disagreements emerged regarding Rugg's work hours and responsibilities. Further incidents later arose which Rugg alleged amounted to hostile conduct in the workplace.[33][34] In January 2023 Rugg resigned as chief of staff and a court application was lodged alleging a breach of FWA general protections.[35][34][36] Rugg claimed to have been forced to work excessive hours, and that Ryan had justified this by saying that she wished to be Prime Minister one day.[37] Ryan publicly disagreed with these statements, and stated she was joking about becoming prime minister.[33][38] After failures at mediation, the case looked to proceed to trial. An injunction for reinstatement by was denied by Justice Debra Mortimer. The case was anticipated by legal academics as potentially of precedent value for Australian employment law, with Ryan arguing that her court case with Sally Rugg demonstrated that the crossbench required more staff.[38][39] Staffing numbers for the crossbench had previously been reduced in June 2022.[40][41] On 8 May 2023 the dispute was resolved, with Rugg accepting a settlement of A$100,000 with no admission of fault, and all parties paying their own costs.[42][43]

Member of Parliament

In June 2022, Ryan reported incidents to the Australian Federal Police, in which her supporters had received letters containing threats and abuse.[44]

Beetaloo basin fracking project

In June 2023, Ryan voiced her opposition to fracking projects in the Northern Territory, and endorsed a letter written by paediatricians that opposed fracking in the Beetaloo basin.[45] In response to criticism from Ryan and other crossbench members, the NT resource minister Natasha Fyles gave a speech at the National Press Club, characterising critics of the fracking projects as "teals and trolls".[46] The speech was further criticised by Ryan and independent senator David Pocock.[47]

Julian Assange

Ryan has called for the release of Julian Assange from jail, and travelled to the United States in September 2023 with other politicians to lobby for his release, including Nationals MP Barnaby Joyce.[48][49]

Indigenous Voice to Parliament

Ryan supported the Yes campaign in the unsuccessful October 2023 referendum on the Indigenous Voice to Parliament, and stated that she was proud that a majority of Kooyong voted Yes (60.68%).[50]

2023 Israel-Palestine conflict

On 13 October 2023, Ryan attended a pro-Israel rally in Caulfield, Melbourne.[51] On 17 October 2023, Ryan voted in favour of a parliamentary resolution that condemned Hamas' attacks against Israel.[52] The Greens proposed an amendment to the resolution, adding a statement that parliament also condemns "war crimes perpetrated by the State of Israel, including the bombing of Palestinian civilians", which Ryan voted against.[52] Fellow teal independents Kylea Tink and Sophie Scamps voted in favour of the amendment, which was not successful. The resolution ultimately passed with the support of the government, opposition, and several crossbenchers.[53] On 3 November 2023, Ryan called for a "humanitarian pause" in the conflict, describing the "human suffering in Gaza" as "intolerable".[54] In response, the principal of a Jewish school in the electorate of Kooyong published an open letter criticising Ryan for not mentioning Israeli suffering in her statements.[55]

Stage three tax cuts

In October 2023, Ryan, along with crossbench MPs David Pocock and Dai Le, stated that she opposes the stage three tax cuts legislated by the Morrison government, scheduled to take effect in July 2024.[56][57][58] The stage three tax cuts predominantly benefit middle- to high-income earners.[58] Ryan stated that cancelling the tax cuts would allow for the doubling of funding for rent assistance.[58]

Electric cars

In October 2023, Ryan has stated her opposition to an electric vehicle tax legislated in Victoria, which was subsequently struck down by the High Court of Australia, and stated that there should fair application of road use charges to all vehicles.[59]

Anti-corruption legislation

In November 2023, Ryan introduced a Private Member's Bill to the house entitled Lobbying (Improving Government Honesty and Trust) Bill 2023, and stated that the bill came from a need to "clean up politics" in Australia.[60] The bill was praised by the Human Rights Law Centre, who called it "the most ambitious proposal to regulate lobbying put before federal parliament in decades."[61]

Personal life

Ryan is a supporter of the Carlton Football Club, and lives in Hawthorn with her husband Peter, two step-children and a son.[2]

Selected publications

Select publications include the following:

  • Nemaline myopathy: a clinical study of 143 cases (2001) MM Ryan, C Schnell, CD Strickland, LK Shield, G Morgan, ST Iannaccone, et al. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological. 50:3. 312–320.[62]
  • Clinical course correlates poorly with muscle pathology in nemaline myopathy (2003) MM Ryan, B Ilkovski, CD Strickland, C Schnell, D Sanoudou, C Midgett, ... Neurology 60 (4), 665–673.[63]
  • Guillain–Barré syndrome in childhood (2005) MM Ryan. Journal of paediatrics and child health 41 (5–6), 237–241.[64]
  • Mobile arm supports in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study of user experience and outcomes (2021) A Cruz, L Callaway, M Randall, M Ryan. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 16 (8), 880–889.[65]
  • McDonald CM, Henricson EK, Abresch RT, Duong T, Joyce NC, Hu F, Clemens PR, Hoffman EP, Cnaan A, Gordish-Dressman H; CINRG Investigators. Long-term effects of glucocorticoids on function, quality of life, and survival in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017 Nov 22. pii: S0140–6736(17)32160–8.[66]
  • Finkel RS, Mercuri E, Darras BT, Connolly AM, Kuntz NL, Kirschner J, Chiriboga CA, Saito K, Servais L, Tizzano E, Topaloglu H, Tulinius M, Montes J, Glanzman AM, Bishop K, Zhong ZJ, Gheuens S, Bennett CF, Schneider E, Farwell W, De Vivo DC; ENDEAR Study Group. Nusinersen versus Sham Control in Infantile-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy. N Engl J Med. 2017;377: 1723–1732.[67]

References

  1. 1 2 "Dr Monique Ryan MP". Parliament of Australia.
  2. 1 2 Fyfe, Melissa. "'I ain't no Bambi': How a paediatrician ended up in politics". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gordan, Josh (21 December 2021). ""Like taking on Bambi": The children's doctor aiming to unseat the treasurer". The Age. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  4. ↑ "Loreto Toorak Alumna's Journey to Parliament". Loreto Mandeville Hall Toorak. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 "Professor Monique Ryan" The Royal Children's Hospital. Retrieved 20 January 2022
  6. ↑ Ryan, Monique (15 March 2019). "Exhibit 2-AJ – Report of Professor Monique Ryan dated 15 March 2019, Curriculum Vitae Professor Monique Marie Ryan" (PDF). 2022 Inquiry into the convictions of Kathleen Megan Folbigg. NSW Government. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  7. ↑ Hislop, Madeline (14 March 2022). "Why Dr Monique Ryan gave away her dream job to challenge the Treasurer at the election". Women's Agenda. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  8. 1 2 Sullivan, Laura (12 September 2019). "Meet Monique". The Royal Children's Hospital Foundation. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  9. ↑ "Monique Ryan". Google Scholar. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  10. ↑ Darras, Basil T.; Jones, H. Royden; Ryan, Monique M.; De Vivo, Darryl C., eds. (3 December 2014), Neuromuscular disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence: A clinician's approach (2nd ed.), Academic Press (published 2015), ISBN 978-0-12-417127-5
  11. ↑ "Neurology: Professor Monique Ryan". The Royal Children's Hospital. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  12. ↑ "MP tells Folbigg inquiry son may have died from undiagnosed neurogenetic disorder". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 21 February 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  13. ↑ "The Election Battle and "nicer" politics". Q&A. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022. And that's why people such as myself, who are sensible centrists, have stepped into the middle, representing the values of traditional small-L liberals...
  14. ↑ "Dr Monique Ryan MP". Dr Monique Ryan MP. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  15. ↑ "Australian conservative party faces teal independent threat". The Independent. Associated Press. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Visontay, Elias (21 May 2022). "Australia election: conservative government voted out after nearly a decade". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  17. ↑ Gordon, Josh (21 December 2021). "Kooyong independent insists she is a 'cleanskin' despite former Labor membership". The Age. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  18. ↑ Elliot, Elise (7 April 2022). "Federal Treasurer claims independents are 'a road to ruin'". 3AW. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 Sakkal, Paul; Dexter, Rachael (5 May 2022). "Frydenberg calls 'Treasurer for NSW' label insulting after fiery debate". The Age. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  20. 1 2 Pelly, Michael (11 May 2022). "Teal independents say corruption includes pork-barrelling". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 McCubbing, Gus (24 May 2022). "Inside the campaign that unseated Frydenberg". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  22. ↑ Osborne, Paul (17 April 2022). "Kooyong poll points to loss for Frydenberg". Seven News. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  23. 1 2 3 Glenday, James (7 November 2022). "'Level' the playing field. Teal independents spent millions to win Liberal seats". ABC News. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  24. ↑ Brook, Stephen; Hutchinson, Samantha (23 March 2022). "Mon for Kooyong spends a motza to unseat The Fry". The Age. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  25. ↑ Sciberras, Allanah (2 May 2022). "Kooyong independent candidate Monique Ryan says Frydenberg's mother-in-law anecdote is 'unacceptable'". Nine News. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  26. ↑ Huitson, Joseph (2 May 2022). "Ryan concedes relative will vote for Frydenberg". Sky News. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  27. ↑ Stayner, Tom. "Josh Frydenberg and challenger Monique Ryan clash over climate policy, prospect of hung parliament". SBS News. Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  28. ↑ Wahlquist, Calla (5 May 2022). "Josh Frydenberg pleads with unhappy Liberal voters to stick by him as pressure in Kooyong grows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  29. ↑ Sakkal, Paul (13 May 2022). "Monique Ryan and building owners in Kooyong mural face-off". The Age. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  30. ↑ Juanola, Marta Pascual (23 May 2022). "Independent Monique Ryan claims victory over Josh Frydenberg in Kooyong". The Age. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  31. ↑ "Former treasurer Josh Frydenberg concedes defeat in inner-Melbourne seat of Kooyong". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  32. ↑ Vidler, Adam; Sciberras, Allanah (22 May 2022). "'It is possible': Frydenberg not ready to concede defeat in Kooyong". Nine News. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  33. 1 2 Karp, Paul (3 March 2023). "Sally Rugg v Monique Ryan: court documents reveal how working relationship fell apart". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  34. 1 2 "Rugg v Commonwealth of Australia as represented by the Department of Finance [2023] FCA 179". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  35. ↑ Thompson, Angus (30 January 2023). "Activist, adviser Sally Rugg takes boss Monique Ryan to court". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  36. ↑ Roddan, Michael (30 January 2023). "Monique Ryan taken to court by Sally Rugg". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  37. ↑ Durkin, Patrick; Marin-Guzman, David (3 March 2023). "'I want to be PM', teal Monique Ryan told 'overworked' staffer". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  38. 1 2 Sakkal, Paul; Chrysanthos, Natassia (6 March 2023). "'I'll be PM before you' Monique Ryan tells Dutton as teals demand more staff". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  39. ↑ Carabetta, Giuseppe (8 March 2023). "What are 'reasonable' hours? The Ryan-Rugg legal stoush may help the rest of us know". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  40. ↑ Curtis, Katina (27 June 2022). "'Recent phenomenon': Albanese doubles down on cuts to crossbench staff numbers". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  41. ↑ Curtis, Katina (24 June 2022). "Crossbench fury as government cuts staffers from four to one". The Age. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  42. ↑ Karp, Paul (8 May 2023). "Sally Rugg accepts $100,000 to settle workplace dispute with MP Monique Ryan". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  43. ↑ Le Grand, Chip (8 May 2023). "Launched in a blaze of publicity, Ryan v Rugg settles in a whimper". The Age. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  44. ↑ Fyfe, Fraser (13 June 2022). "Independent MP Monique Ryan reports 'racist and threatening' letter drops to police". ABC News. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  45. ↑ Dick, Samantha (6 June 2023). "Paediatricians sound alarm over fracking-related health risks". ABC News. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  46. ↑ Karp, Paul; Cox, Lisa (1 August 2023). "NT chief minister accuses 'teals and trolls' of trying to shut down Middle Arm development". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  47. ↑ Fitzgerald, Roxanne (2 August 2023). "Crossbenchers fire back at NT chief minister's 'teals and trolls' speech". ABC News. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  48. ↑ Nilsson, Anton (4 September 2023). "Joyce, Ryan and four other Australian politicians to share hotel in DC during Assange lobbying trip". Crikey. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  49. ↑ Knott, Matthew (4 September 2023). "Barnaby Joyce and Monique Ryan agree on two things: the weather and freeing Julian Assange". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  50. ↑ Masters, Rebecca (15 October 2023). "Monique Ryan 'proud' as Kooyong records one of highest 'Yes' votes". Nine News. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  51. ↑ Green, Eli; Achenza, Madeline (14 October 2023). "MP Monique Ryan spotted at Israel rally as hundreds attend pro-Palestinian rallies across country". news.com.au. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  52. 1 2 Tillett, Andrew (16 October 2023). "Labor MP says Israel should be condemned for 'annihilation'". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "Federal Parliament condemns Hamas attacks". ABC listen. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  54. ↑ Panahi, Rita (3 November 2023), Monique Ryan under fire for comments on Israel-Hamas war, Sky News, retrieved 1 December 2023
  55. ↑ Abbott, Lachlan (3 November 2023). "Monique Ryan defends record on Israel after Jewish principal slams Gaza post". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  56. ↑ "Monique Ryan: Govt has a mandate for structural reform". ABC listen. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  57. ↑ Rollins, Adrian (27 October 2023). "Calls to change tax cuts that 'put inequality into hyperdrive'". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  58. 1 2 3 Karp, Paul (27 October 2023). "Crossbenchers urge Labor to have 'courage' on changes to resources tax and stage-three tax cuts". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  59. ↑ Karp, Paul (19 October 2023). "Teal MPs call for national road-user charges after high court shuts down Victoria's EV tax". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  60. ↑ Canales, Sarah Basford; Remeikis, Amy (13 November 2023). "Calls for crackdown amid report gambling lobbyists 'wined and dined' minister Michelle Rowland". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  61. ↑ "Lobbying reform the next frontier for political integrity in Australia". Human Rights Law Centre. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  62. ↑ Ryan, Monique M.; Schnell, Christina; Strickland, Corinne D.; Shield, Lloyd K.; Morgan, Graeme; Iannaccone, Susan T.; Laing, Nigel G.; Beggs, Alan H.; North, Kathryn N. (September 2001). "Nemaline myopathy: A clinical study of 143 cases". Annals of Neurology. 50 (3): 312–320. doi:10.1002/ana.1080. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 11558787. S2CID 8648543.
  63. ↑ Ryan, M. M.; Ilkovski, B.; Strickland, C. D.; Schnell, C.; Sanoudou, D.; Midgett, C.; Houston, R.; Muirhead, D.; Dennett, X.; Shield, L. K.; Girolami, U. De (25 February 2003). "Clinical course correlates poorly with muscle pathology in nemaline myopathy". Neurology. 60 (4): 665–673. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000046585.81304.BC. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 12601110. S2CID 11652174.
  64. ↑ Ryan, Monique M (May 2005). "Guillain-Barre syndrome in childhood". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 41 (5–6): 237–241. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2005.00602.x. ISSN 1034-4810. PMID 15953319. S2CID 28054112.
  65. ↑ Cruz, Ashlee; Callaway, Libby; Randall, Melinda; Ryan, Monique (17 November 2021). "Mobile arm supports in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study of user experience and outcomes". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 16 (8): 880–889. doi:10.1080/17483107.2020.1749892. ISSN 1748-3107. PMID 32293211. S2CID 215772766.
  66. ↑ McDonald, Craig M.; Henricson, Erik K.; Abresch, Richard T.; Duong, Tina; Joyce, Nanette C.; Hu, Fengming; Clemens, Paula R.; Hoffman, Eric P.; Cnaan, Avital; Gordish-Dressman, Heather; CINRG Investigators (3 February 2018). "Long-term effects of glucocorticoids on function, quality of life, and survival in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a prospective cohort study". Lancet. 391 (10119): 451–461. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32160-8. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 29174484. S2CID 46764521.
  67. ↑ Finkel, Richard S.; Mercuri, Eugenio; Darras, Basil T.; Connolly, Anne M.; Kuntz, Nancy L.; Kirschner, Janbernd; Chiriboga, Claudia A.; Saito, Kayoko; Servais, Laurent; Tizzano, Eduardo; Topaloglu, Haluk (2 November 2017). "Nusinersen versus Sham Control in Infantile-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (18): 1723–1732. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1702752. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 29091570. S2CID 4771819.
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