Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has been involved in numerous armed conflicts both locally and around the world. The main focus of its military operations have both historically and currently been on neighbouring India—against whom Pakistan has fought four major wars in addition to commonly-recurring border skirmishes and standoffs. The two nations have had a hostile and turbulent relationship since their independence from the United Kingdom and subsequent war over the Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in its entirety but have not exercised control over the entire region, which remains divided and contested between the two states by the Line of Control. The Kashmir conflict has seen extensive—albeit unsuccessful—intervention and mediation by the United Nations.

Pakistan has also had a turbulent relationship with neighbouring Afghanistan,[1] characterized by armed border skirmishes and periods of diplomatic tension. The Pakistani government has increased military activity along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border and built a border barrier to crack down on illegal immigration, militancy,[2] and smuggling.[3][4]

Outside of its home region of South Asia, Pakistan has also engaged in international conflicts in the Middle East and Africa as part of larger coalitions, and remains one of the largest contributors of troops to various United Nations peacekeeping missions. The country was designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States in 2004,[5] and has participated extensively in the American-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.

List

Conflict Pakistan
and allies		 Opponents Results
First Indo-Pakistani War
(1947–1948)[6][7]		  Pakistan
 Azad Kashmir
Furqan Force		  India
Jammu and Kashmir		 Ceasefire[8]
  • Partitioning of Kashmir between India and Pakistan
First Balochistan Conflict
(1948)[9][10]		  Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory[10]
  • Defeat of the insurgents
Korean War(1950–1953)[11][12]

 South Korea

United Nations
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Turkey
 Australia
 Philippines
 New Zealand
 Thailand
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 France
 Colombia
 Belgium
 South Africa
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg

Supported by:

 North Korea

 China
 Soviet Union

Supported by:

 Stalemate[14]
  • Formation of the DMZ
Second Balochistan Conflict
(1958–1959)[15]		  Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory[16]
Bajaur Campaign
(1960–1961)[17][18]		  Pakistan  Afghanistan Victory[17]
  • Afghan incursions repelled
Third Balochistan Conflict
(1963–1969)[19]		  Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory
Second Indo-Pakistani War
(1965)		  Pakistan  India Inconclusive
Al-Wadiah War
(1969)[21]

 Saudi Arabia
 Pakistan[22][23]

  South Yemen Victory
  • al-Wadiah reoccupied by Saudi forces[24]
Bangladesh Liberation War
(From March 1971)
Third Indo-Pakistani War
(From Dec 1971)		  Pakistan Bangladesh Mukti Bahini
 India		 Defeat
Fourth Balochistan Conflict
(1973–1978)[25][26]		  Pakistan BLA Victory[27]
Soviet–Afghan War
(1979–1989)[28]		 Mujahidin
 Pakistan		  Soviet Union
Afghanistan Afghanistan		 Victory[29]
Siachen conflict
(1984)		  Pakistan  India Defeat
Gulf War[30]
(1990–1991)		  Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 France
 Saudi Arabia
 Egypt
 Iraq Victory[33]
Afghan Civil War
(1996–2001)		 Afghanistan Islamic Emirate
(Taliban)
 Pakistan
Al-Qaeda 		Afghanistan Islamic State
(Northern Alliance)		 Stalemate
  • Taliban controls up to 85% of Afghanistan including Kabul
Kargil War
(1999)		  Pakistan  India Defeat
War in North-West Pakistan

First Phase:- (16 March 2004–22 February 2017)[36][37]

  Pakistan
 United States[38][39][40]		 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

ISIL-aligned groups

 Islamic State

 Victory[45]
Fifth Balochistan Conflict
(2004–present)[50]		  Pakistan BLA Ongoing[51][52]
War in North-West Pakistan

Second Phase:- ( 23 February 2017 – present)[57][58][59]

  Pakistan
 United States[38][39][40]

Afghanistan Taliban (major in the Durand Line border skirmishes)[60][61]

ISIL-aligned groups

 Islamic State

 Ongoing[62]

(Beginning of nationwide large scale operations against insurgency)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Until 2020, when it re-merged into the TTP.[41]
  2. ↑ Collaboration with the TTP in 2007.
  3. ↑ Collaboration with the TTP in 2015.

References

  1. ↑ Allott, Daniel (2021-03-27). "Ending Pakistan's proxy war in Afghanistan". The Hill. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  2. ↑ "Three killed, 13 injured in blast at Pakistani-Afghan border". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  3. ↑ Basit, Abdul. "Pakistan-Afghanistan border fence, a step in the right direction". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  4. ↑ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Ihsanullah Tipu (2020-03-15). "Pakistan Builds Border Fence, Limiting Militants and Families Alike". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  5. ↑ "Pakistan status of major non-NATO ally may be terminated". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  6. ↑ Nawaz, Shuja (May 2008), "The First Kashmir War Revisited", India Review, 7 (2): 115–154, doi:10.1080/14736480802055455, S2CID 155030407
  7. ↑ "Pakistan Covert Operations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2014.
  8. ↑ "BBC on the 1947–48 war". Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune.
  10. 1 2 Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Prince Agha Abdul Karim Baloch, father of Irfan Karim and younger brother of Khan-e-Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had revolted against his brother's decision of accession of Kalat State to Pakistan at the request of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an armed resistance against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950.
  11. ↑ Whan-woo, Yi (16 September 2019). "Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  12. ↑ "Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR. Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky" (in Czech). Czech Radio. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  13. ↑ Yi Whan-woo (2019-09-16). "Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid". koreatimes. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  14. ↑ Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  15. ↑ Harrison, Selig S. (1981). In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1.
  16. ↑ Harrison, Selig S. (1981). In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1.
  17. 1 2 Asfandyar Bhittani (12 November 2017). "The Heroes Of Bajaur". Frontier Pakistani.
  18. ↑ "Jun 1961 – 'Pakhtoonistan' Dispute. – Military Operations in Frontier Areas. – Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Incursions" (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  19. ↑ "Asia Report No. 119". Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan. International Crisis Group. 14 September 2006. p. 4.
  20. ↑ Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan (PDF). International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 119. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  21. ↑ Vassiliev, Alexei (March 2013). King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times - Alexei Vassiliev - Google Książki. ISBN 9780863567612.
  22. ↑ Group Captain (R) Husseini & Pakistan Air Force. "Wars in the Mach-2 Era (1961-1970)". PAF over the Years. Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. p. 66.
  23. ↑ "What Accounts for Pakistan's Troop Deployment to Saudi Arabia?". YemenWatch. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Pakistani combat pilots also flew RSAF English Electric Lightning supersonic fighter aircraft during the al-Wadiah War between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1969.
  24. ↑ Bidwell, Robin (1998). Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 437. ISBN 9780710305053.
  25. ↑ Abbas, Hassan (2005). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. ISBN 0-7656-1496-0.
  26. ↑ Jalal, Ayesha (2007). The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521051842.
  27. ↑ Newsline: A History of the Baloch Separatist Movement
  28. ↑ "Eight "Hot Wars" During the Cold War". World 101. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  29. ↑ Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. Brookings Institution Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8157-2595-4.
  30. ↑ "Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War: A look back". CNN. 16 January 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
  31. ↑ Kamran, Sehar (January 2013). "Pak-Gulf Defense and Security Cooperation" (PDF). Center for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  32. 1 2 "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  33. ↑ "The Gulf War, 1991". History state Govt. Retrieved 2 January 2024. The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo and sanctions on Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition air and ground war, which began on January 16, 1991, and ended with an Iraqi defeat and retreat from Kuwait on February 28, 1991.
  34. ↑ McCarthy, Rory; Carter, Helen; Norton-Taylor, Richard (October 26, 2001). "The elite force who are ready to die". The Guardian.
  35. ↑ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 1999-08-07. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  36. ↑ "The War in Pakistan". The Washington Post. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  37. ↑ Abbas, Zaffar (2004-09-10). "Pakistan's undeclared war". BBC. Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  38. 1 2 "Pakistan: $1 billion from U.S. to fight terror". Aki/Dawn. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
  39. 1 2 Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (3 June 2009). "The Drone War". New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  40. 1 2 "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be 'stronger partner' in destroying Al-Qaeda safe havens. In this connection, he said Pakistan would be provided financial assistance of 1.5 billion dollars each year for the next five years.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Mehsud, Katharine Houreld (12 March 2015). "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation | Reuters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  42. 1 2 "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory". Reuters. 18 October 2015.
  43. 1 2 3 "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Says, Battu (31 March 2015). "Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video". The Khaama Press News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  45. 1 2 Javaid, U. and Javaid, R. (2016). Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies, 31(1), 281-296. - Argues that Operation Zarb-e-Azb was highly successful in dismantling terrorist networks in North Waziristan.
  46. ↑ Khan, S.R. and Khan, A. (2020). From War to Peace: The Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan's Counter-Terrorism Environment Post Operation Zarb-e-Azb. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 15(2), 121-139. - Notes that Operation Zarb-e-Azb secured control over previous militant strongholds and denied them space.
  47. ↑ Gulf News (2016, June 16). Two years after 'Zarb-e-Azb': Pakistan stronger against terror. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/two-years-after-zarb-e-azb-pakistan-stronger-against-terror-1.1850692 - Contemporary news analysis of the success of Operation Zarb-e-Azb after two years.
  48. ↑ Roul, A. (2016). How Operation Zarb-e-Azb Changed Pakistan's Tribal Areas. Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, 14(12), 5-7. - Discusses gains made by Pakistan army in previously uncontrolled tribal areas during the operation.
  49. ↑ Weinbaum, Marvin G. (2017). "Insurgency and Violent Extremism in Pakistan". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 28 (1): 45. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266130. S2CID 151596312.
  50. ↑ "Balochistan Insurgency". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  51. ↑ "Over 300 anti-state militants surrender arms in Balochistan". Dawn News. 9 December 2017. The largest province of the country by area, Balochistan is home to a low-level insurgency by ethnic Baloch separatists.
  52. ↑ Desk, Quetta Voice Web (20 December 2023). "BNA Commander Sarfaraz Bangulzai Along With 72 Militants Surrender". Quetta Voice Breaking News, English News, Technology, Health. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  53. ↑ Zia Ur Rehman (May 2014), "The Baluch insurgency: linking Iran to Pakistan" (PDF), The Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2016
  54. ↑ "Operation Raddul Fasaad: Huge cache of weapons recovered from Balochistan". The News International. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  55. ↑ "Zehri meets Khan of Kalat in London". Dawn News. 15 August 2015.
  56. ↑ "IB advise talks with Baloch separatists". Dawn News. 29 February 2012.
  57. ↑ "datasheet-terrorist-attack-suicide-attacks". www.satp.org. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
  58. ↑ "ttp calls off ceasefire - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
  59. ↑ "Pakistan to launch fresh operation against militants amid political and economic chaos". Arab News PK. 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
  60. ↑ "The Taliban Pick Fight Over Border With Pakistan". Foreign policy. 6 January 2022.
  61. ↑ Putz, Catherine. "The Taliban's Many Problematic Borders". The Diplomat.
  62. ↑ Lieven, Anatol (2017). "Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 28: 166–190. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128. S2CID 151355749.
  63. ↑ Jibran Ahmad (22 December 2023). "Afghan Taliban stop Pakistan army from fencing international border". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Pakistan has fenced most of the 2,600 km (1,615 mile) border despite protestations from Kabul, which has always contested the British-era boundary demarcation that splits families and tribes on either side.
  64. ↑ "US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander". Voice of America (VOA). 4 July 2018.
  65. ↑ "Database – KPK from 2005 to present". Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  66. ↑ "Database – FATA from 2005 to present". Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  67. ↑ "President signs 'Constitutional Amendment' to merge FATA with KP". nation.com.pk. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  68. ↑ "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer. 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  69. ↑ "The Durand Line". National Geographic Society. 2011-01-21. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  70. ↑ Ayaz Gul (2023-01-03). "Pakistan: Cross-Border Terrorism Coming from Afghanistan". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-09. Pakistani Defense Minister Khawaja Asif says a new wave of terrorist attacks in his country is originating in Afghanistan and he has urged that nation's Taliban rulers to stop it in line with their counterterrorism pledges
  71. ↑ "TTP extends ceasefire till May 30 after 'successful' talks". The Express Tribune. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  72. ↑ Khan, Tahir (18 May 2022). "TTP extends ceasefire until May 30 as talks continue in Afghanistan". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  73. ↑ "Pakistan Taliban extend truce for more talks with government". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  74. ↑ "Pakistan Taliban ends ceasefire with gov't, threatens new attacks".
  75. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-militants-pakistan-end-ceasefire-with-government-spokesman-2022-11-28/
  76. ↑ "Govt decides to evict over 1m foreigners illegally residing in Pakistan: State media". 2 October 2023.
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