This is a list of potentially habitable exoplanets. The list is mostly based on estimates of habitability by the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog (HEC), and data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The HEC is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo.[1] There is also a speculative list being developed of superhabitable planets.

Surface planetary habitability is thought to require to orbit at the right distance from the host star for liquid surface water to be present, in addition to various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, atmospheric density, radiation type and intensity, and the host star's plasma environment.[2]

List

This is a list of exoplanets within the circumstellar habitable zone that are under 10 Earth masses and smaller than 2.5 Earth radii, and thus have a chance of being rocky.[3][1] Note that inclusion on this list does not guarantee habitability, and in particular the larger planets are unlikely to have a rocky composition.[4] Earth is included for comparison.

Note that mass and radius values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from a mass-radius relationship.

Object Star Star type Mass (M⊕) Radius (R⊕) Density (g/cm3) Flux (F⊕) Teq (K) Period (days) Distance (ly) Refs/Notes
EarthSunG2V1.001.00 5.5141.00255365.250Reported for reference. Only planet known to support life.[3]
Teegarden's Star bTeegarden's StarM7V≥1.05~1.02 —1.152644.9112.5Radius is estimated[5][6]
TOI-700 dTOI-700M2V~1.721.14 —0.8724637.4101
Kepler-1649cKepler-1649M5V~1.201.06 —0.7523719.5301 [7]
TRAPPIST-1dTRAPPIST-1M8V0.390.78 3.391.122584.0541Confirmed to be rocky[8][9]
Luyten bLuyten's StarM3V≥2.89~1.35 —1.0625818.6512.3[10]
LP 890-9 cLP 890-9M6V—1.37 —0.912728.46105[11]
K2-72eK2-72M?V~2.211.29 —1.3026124.2217 [12]
GJ 1061 dGJ 1061M5V≥1.64~1.16 —0.6921813.012
GJ 1002 bGJ 1002M5V≥1.08~1.03 —0.6723110.315.8[13]
GJ 1061 cGJ 1061M5V≥1.74~1.18 —1.452756.712
Kepler-296eKepler-296K7V~2.961.52 —1.0027634.1737[1][14]
Wolf 1069 bWolf 1069M5V≥1.26~1.08 —0.6525015.631.2[15]
TRAPPIST-1eTRAPPIST-1M8V0.690.92 5.650.652306.141Confirmed to be rocky[8][9]
Proxima Centauri bProxima CentauriM5V≥1.27~1.30 —0.7022811.1864.25Affected by solar flare, possibly affected by high radiation[16]
Kepler-442bKepler-442K5V~2.361.35 —0.70233112.31193[1]
Kepler-62fKepler-62K2V~2.81.41 —0.41204267.3981[1][17]
TRAPPIST-1fTRAPPIST-1M8V1.041.04 3.3 ± 0.90.372009.241Confirmed to be rocky[8][9]
Teegarden's Star cTeegarden's StarM7V≥1.11~1.04 —0.3719911.412.5[5]
Kepler-1229bKepler-1229M?V~2.541.40 —0.3221386.8865 [1]
Kepler-186fKepler-186M1V~1.711.17 —0.29188129.9579[1]
TRAPPIST-1gTRAPPIST-1M8V1.321.13 4.1860.2518212.441Confirmed to be rocky[8][9]
GJ 1002 cGJ 1002M5V≥1.36~0.12 —0.2618221.215.8[13]
Kepler-452bKepler-452G2V~51.63 —1.11261384.81799Not confirmed[1][18][19][20][21]
Kepler-62eKepler-62K2V~4.51.61 —1.15264122.4981[1][22]
Kepler-1652bKepler-1652M?V—1.60 —0.8424438.1822
Wolf 1061cWolf 1061M3V≥3.41~1.60 —1.3027117.913.8 [1]
Kepler-1410bKepler-1410K?V—1.78 —1.0727460.91196
Gliese 667 CcGliese 667 CM1V≥3.81~1.54 —0.8827728.123.62[23][1]
Kepler-1544 bKepler-1544K2V—1.78 —0.84248168.81092[1]
Kepler-283cKepler-283K5V—1.82 —0.8924892.71526[1]
Ross 508 bRoss 508M4V≥4.00— —1.3210.837[24]
Kepler-1638bKepler-1638G4V—1.87 —1.39276259.34973[25]
Ross 128 bRoss 128M4V≥1.40~1.80 —1.482809.8711.0[26]
Kepler-440bKepler-440K6V—1.91 —1.44273101.1981[1]
Gliese 433 dGliese 433M2V≥5.22— —1.0636.129.6[1]
Kepler-1653bKepler-1653K?V—2.17 —1.04258140.32461
Kepler-705bKepler-705M?V—2.11 —0.7724356.1903
K2-332bK2-332M?V—2.20 —1.1717.7402[1]
Kepler-155cKepler-155M0V—2.24 —1.0552.7957[1]
TOI-2257 bTOI-2257M3V—2.20 —0.7435.2188Highly eccentric[1][27]
Kepler-443bKepler-443K3V—2.35 —0.89247177.72615[1]
Kepler-22bKepler-22G5V—2.38 —1.10261289.9635[1][28]
Kepler-1701bKepler-1701K?V—2.22 —1.42275169.11904[1][29]
Kepler-1606bKepler-1606G?V—2.07 —1.64277196.42710[30]
K2-9bK2-9M2V—2.25 —1.4527918.4270[1][31]
Gliese 180 cGliese 180M2V≥6.40— —0.7823924.339Not confirmed[1][32]
Gliese 163 cGliese 163M3V≥6.80— —1.2527725.649[1]
Kepler-1540bKepler-1540K?V—2.49 —0.78250125.4799
Kepler-174dKepler-174K3V—2.19 —0.59206247.41254[1]
HD 40307 gHD 40307K2V≥7.09— —0.67226197.842Not confirmed[1][33]
Kepler-296fKepler-296K7V—1.80 —0.4422563.3737[1][34]
HIP 38594 bHIP 38594M0V≥8.10— —1.3460.758[1]
K2-288BbK2-288 BM3V—1.91 —0.4420731.4214
HD 216520 cHD 216520K0V≥9.44— —1.28154.464[1]
GJ 3293 dGJ 3293M2V≥7.60— —0.5922348.166[1]
LHS 1140 bLHS 1140M4V5.601.73 5.9±0.30.4322624.749Likely ocean world or dense mini-Neptune[35]
Gliese 357 dGliese 357M2V≥6.10— —0.3820055.731
Gliese 229 AcGliese 229 AM1V≥8.57— —0.44216121.918.8
Gliese 514 bGliese 514M1V≥5.20— —0.27202140.425Highly eccentric[36]
Gliese 180 dGliese 180M2V≥7.56— —0.26106.339[1]
Gliese 625 bGliese 625M2V≥2.82— —14.62821.1Only in HZ if very optimistic models used[37][38][39]
L 98-59 fL 98-59M3V≥2.46— —>1~28023.1534.6 Unconfirmed candidate[40]
Kepler-235eKepler-235K?V—~2 —~1.32~27746.18~1396 Likely non-rocky, may or may not be in HZ depending on data source[25][41][42]


Previous candidates

Some exoplanet candidates detected by radial velocity that were originally thought to be potentially habitable were later found to most likely be artifacts of stellar activity. These include Gliese 581 d & g,[43][44][45] Gliese 667 Ce & f,[23][46] Gliese 682 b & c,[32] Kapteyn b,[47][48] and Gliese 832 c.[49]

HD 85512 b was initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[50][51] but updated models for the boundaries of the habitable zone placed the planet interior to the HZ,[52][53] and it is now considered non-habitable.[1] Kepler-69c has gone through a similar process; though initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[54] it was quickly realized that the planet is more likely to be similar to Venus,[55] and is thus no longer considered habitable.[1] Several other planets, such as Gliese 180 b, also appear to be examples of planets once considered potentially habitable but later found to be interior to the habitable zone.[1]

Similarly, Tau Ceti e and f were initially both considered potentially habitable,[56] but with improved models of the circumstellar habitable zone, as of 2022 PHL does not consider either planet potentially habitable.[1] Kepler-438b was also initially considered potentially habitable; however, it was later found to be a subject of powerful flares that can strip a planet of its atmosphere, so it is now considered non-habitable.[1]

K2-3d and K2-18b were originally considered potentially habitable, and the latter remains listed in the HEC,[1] but recent studies have shown them to be gaseous sub-Neptunes and thus unlikely to be habitable.[57][58][59][60][61][62]

KOI-1686.01 was also considered a potentially habitable exoplanet after its detection in 2011, until proven a false positive by NASA in 2015.[63] Several other KOIs, like Kepler-577b and Kepler-1649b, were considered potentially habitable prior to confirmation, but with new data are no longer considered habitable.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  2. ↑ Lammer, H.; Bredehöft, J. H.; Coustenis, A.; Khodachenko, M. L.; et al. (2009). "What makes a planet habitable?" (PDF). The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 17 (2): 181–249. Bibcode:2009A&ARv..17..181L. doi:10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z. S2CID 123220355. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  3. 1 2 Méndez, A.; González-Espada, W. (2016). Searching for Habitable Worlds: An Introduction. IOP Concise Physics. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-68174-401-8. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  4. ↑ Chen, Jingjing; Kipping, David (2017). "Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (1): 17. arXiv:1603.08614. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834...17C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17. S2CID 119114880.
  5. 1 2 Caballero, J. A.; Reiners, Ansgar; Ribas, I.; Dreizler, S.; Zechmeister, M.; et al. (12 June 2019). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 627: A49. arXiv:1906.07196. Bibcode:2019A&A...627A..49Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935460. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 189999121.
  6. ↑ "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  7. ↑ "Earth-Size, Habitable Zone Planet Found Hidden in Early NASA Kepler Data". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Delrez, Laetitia; et al. (9 January 2018). "Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3577–3597. arXiv:1801.02554. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3577D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051. S2CID 54649681.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Grimm, Simon L.; et al. (5 February 2018). "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A68. arXiv:1802.01377. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233. S2CID 3441829.
  10. ↑ Astudillo-Defru, Nicola; Forveille, Thierry; Bonfils, Xavier; Ségransan, Damien; Bouchy, François; Delfosse, Xavier; et al. (2017). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLI. A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138, GJ 3323, GJ 273, GJ 628, and GJ 3293". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 602. A88. arXiv:1703.05386. Bibcode:2017A&A...602A..88A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630153. S2CID 119418595.
  11. ↑ Delrez, L.; Murray, C. A.; et al. (September 2022). "Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 667: A59. arXiv:2209.02831. Bibcode:2022A&A...667A..59D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244041. S2CID 252110654.
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  13. 1 2 Suárez Mascareño, A.; González-Alvarez, E.; et al. (November 2022). "Two temperate Earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ 1002". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 670: A5. arXiv:2212.07332. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244991. S2CID 254353639.
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  16. ↑ Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016). "A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri". Nature. 536 (7617): 437–440. arXiv:1609.03449. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..437A. doi:10.1038/nature19106. PMID 27558064. S2CID 4451513.
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  62. ↑ Benneke, Björn; et al. (2019). "Water Vapor and Clouds on the Habitable-zone Sub-Neptune Exoplanet K2-18b". The Astrophysical Journal. 887 (1): L14. arXiv:1909.04642. Bibcode:2019ApJ...887L..14B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab59dc. S2CID 209324670.
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