This list of nicknamed non-dinosaur fossils is a list of non-dinosaurian fossil specimens given informal names or nicknames, in addition to their institutional catalogue numbers. It excludes informal appellations that are purely descriptive (e.g., "the Fighting Dinosaurs", "the Trachodon Mummy").
For a list of dinosaur fossil specimens, see List of dinosaur specimens with nicknames.
Synapsids
Mammals
Atlantogenata
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archie | University of Nebraska State Museum | Columbian Mammoth | |||||
Benny[1] | Trailside Museum of Natural History[2][3] | Columbian Mammoth
(Mammuthus columbi) |
Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "George". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan | ||||
Dima | Woolly Mammoth | ||||||
Fred[4] | Science Central | American Mastodon | |||||
George[1] | Trailside Museum of Natural History[2][3] | Columbian Mammoth
(Mammuthus columbi) |
Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "Benny". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan | ||||
Linda [5] | City Museum of Bad Vöslau | Metaxytherium medium | Badenian | ||||
Little Stevie[6] | Western Science Center | ||||||
Lyuba | Woolly Mammoth | ||||||
Mascha | Woolly Mammoth | ||||||
Max[7] | Western Science Center | Pacific Mastodon (Mammut pacificus) | |||||
Megajeff | Megalonyx | ||||||
Mylo[8] | Western Science Center | Harlan's Ground Sloth (Paramylodon harlani) | |||||
Sasha | Woolly Mammoth | ||||||
Xena[9] | Western Science Center | Columbian Mammoth | |||||
Yuka | Woolly Mammoth | ||||||
Zed | Columbian Mammoth |
Carnivorans
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boris[10] | Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) | 44,000 years ago | Two to Three-weeks old cub, died due to the collapse of a cave. | ||||
Dogor | Currently unknown whether it represents a wolf or domestic dog | ||||||
Sparta[10] | Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) | 26,000 years ago | Female cub, died of starvation. | ||||
Tumat[11] | Centre for Palaeogenetics | yet to be determined | 14,000 years ago | Found in Russia nearly 10 years ago, it is a puppy that also contained a piece of Woolly Rhino skin in its belly. | |||
Waldo[12] | OCPC 11141 | Orange County Paleontology Collection | Titanotaria orangensis | Late Miocene (6.6 to 5.8 Ma) | Capistrano Formation | one of the last and best known tuskless walrus | |
Primates
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Image | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alesi[13] | KNM-NP 59050 | National Museums of Kenya[14] | Nyanzapithecus alesi | 13 mya | Lake Turkana | An infantile cranium. | ||||||||
Ardi[15] | ARA-VP-6/500 | National Museums of Kenya | Ardipithecus ramidus | 4.4 mya | Aramis | A partial skeleton, possibly a female. | ||||||||
The Black Skull[16] | KNM-WT 17000 | National Museums of Kenya[2] | Paranthropus aethiopicus | 2.5 mya | Nachukui Formation | A cranium. | ||||||||
Dear Boy,[17] Zinj[18] | OH 5 | Paranthropus boisei | 1.8 ma | Olduvai Gorge | A cranium and mandible. | |||||||||
Flo, Little Lady of Flores,[19] Hobbit | LB-1 | Homo floresiensis | 50 ka | Liang Bua | A partial skeleton, including a cranium and mandible. | |||||||||
Ida[20] | PMO 214.214 (Slab A) | American Museum of Natural History | Darwinius masillae | 47 mya | Messel Pit | Two slabs, A and B, comprising a nearly complete individual with part and counterpart. | ||||||||
Devil's Tower Child,[21] Abel | Gibraltar 2 | Homo neanderthalensis | 42 ka | Devil's Tower | Five cranial fragments belonging to a young boy. | |||||||||
Laia[22] | IPS58443 | Pliobates cataloniae | 11.6 ma | Partial skeleton. | ||||||||||
Lucy, Dinkinesh,[23] Heelomali | AL 288-1 | Australopithecus afarensis | 3.2 mya | Hadar | A partial skeleton including cranial fragments. | |||||||||
Mrs. Ples[24] | Sts 5 | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | Australopithecus africanus | 2.1-2.6 mya[25] | Sterkfontein | A cranium. | ||||||||
Red Lady of Paviland[26] | None | Various | Homo sapiens | 33 ka | Paviland Cave | A partial skeleton of a man. | ||||||||
Taung Child,[27] Taung Baby | Taung 1 | Wits University[28] | Australopithecus | 2.8 mya | Taung | A partial cranium and mandible. | ||||||||
Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy[29] | KNM-WT 15000 | National Museums of Kenya[2] | Homo erectus | 1.5 mya | Nachukui Formation | One of the most complete hominin skeletons. | ||||||||
Nandy[30] | Shanidar 1 | Homo neanderthalensis | 45-35 ka | Shanidar Cave | A set of skeletal remains including a skull. | |||||||||
The Old Man[31] | La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 | Homo neanderthalensis | 60 ka | La Chapelle-aux-Saints | A skeleton. | |||||||||
Egbert[32] | Ksar Akil 1 | National Museum of Beirut | Homo sapiens | 40-38 ka[33] | Ksar Akil | A juvenile skeleton. | ||||||||
Ethelruda[33] | Ksar Akil 2 | National Museum of Beirut | Homo sapiens | 42-41 ka | Ksar Akil | A maxilla. | ||||||||
The Young Prince[34] | Arene Candide 1 | Various | Homo sapiens | 23 ka | Arene Candide | A skeleton of a teenager. | ||||||||
Jonny’s Child[35] | OH 7 | Homo habilis | 1.75 mya | Olduvai Gorge | A mandible, the holotype. | |||||||||
Pinhead[36] | OH 12 | Homo erectus | Olduvai Gorge | A partial cranium. | ||||||||||
Cinderella (Cindy)[37] | OH 13 | Homo habilis | Olduvai Gorge | A partial cranium and mandible. | ||||||||||
Olduvai George (George)[38] | OH 16 | Homo habilis | 1.7 mya | Olduvai Gorge | A partial neurocranium. | |||||||||
Twiggy[39] | OH 24 | Homo habilis | 1.8 mya | Olduvai Gorge | A cranium. | |||||||||
Selam, Dikika infant/baby/child, Lucy's Baby[40] | DIK-1/1 | National Museum, Addis Ababa | Australopithecus afarensis | 3.3 mya | Dikika | An infantile skeleton including cranium and mandible. | ||||||||
Samuel/Samu[41] | Vsz II | Hungarian National Museum | Homo heidelbergensis? | 325-340 ka | Vertesszolos | A fragmentary | ||||||||
Mystery Skull[2] | KNM-ER 1805 | National Museums of Kenya | Homo habilis[42] | 1.74 mya | Kariri Ridge | A cranium. | ||||||||
The First Family[43] | AL 333 | Australopithecus afarensis | 3.2 mya | Hadar | Various skeletal elements. | |||||||||
Moshe[44] | KMH2 | Homo neanderthalensis | 60 ka | Kebara Cave | A skeleton including cranium. | |||||||||
Agamenón[45] | SH 4 | Homo neanderthalensis | 430 ka | Sima de los Huesos | A cranium. | |||||||||
Miguelón[46] | SH 5 | Homo neanderthalensis | 430 ka | Sima de los Huesos | A cranium and mandible. | |||||||||
Benjamina[47] | SH 14 | Homo neanderthalensis | 430 ka | Sima de los Huesos | An infantile cranium. | |||||||||
Little Foot[48] | StW 573 | Australopithecus africanus | 3.67 mya | Sterkfontein | A skeleton. | |||||||||
Elvis[49] | Pelvis 1 | Homo neanderthalensis | Sima de los Huesos | A pelvis. | ||||||||||
Eurydice[50] | DNH-7 | Paranthropus robustus | 2.04-1.95 mya | Drimolen | A cranium and mandible. | |||||||||
Orpheus[51] | DNH-8 | Paranthropus robustus | Drimolen | A mandible. | ||||||||||
Khethi[52] | DNH 152 | Paranthropus robustus | 2.04–1.95 mya | Drimolen | ||||||||||
Simon[53] | DNH 134 | Homo erectus | 2 mya | Drimolen | A neurocranium. | |||||||||
Abel[54] | KT12/H1 | Australopithecus bahrelghazali | 3.5 mya | Koro Toro | A mandible. | |||||||||
Toumaï[55] | TM 266-01-060-1 | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 7-6 mya | Djurab Desert | A cranium and limb bone | |||||||||
Kadanuumuu, Big Man[56] | KSD-VP-1/1 | Australopithecus afarensis | 3.58 mya | |||||||||||
Karabo[57] | MH1 | Wits University | Australopithecus sediba | 1.8 mya | Malapa Cave | A partial skeleton. | ||||||||
Issa[58] | MH2 | Wits University | Australopithecus sediba | 1.8 mya | Malapa Cave | A partial skeleton. | ||||||||
X-woman[59] | Denisova 3 | Denisovan | 76.2–51.6 ka | Denisova Cave | A finger bone. | |||||||||
Denny[59] | Denisova 11 | Denisovan x Neanderthal | 118.1–79.3 ka | Denisova Cave | Limb fragments. | |||||||||
Neo[60] | NES1 | Homo naledi | 300 kya | Lesedi Chamber | A cranium and mandible. | [[File:Homo naledi LES1 cranium.jpg|frame/ref> | Vsz II | Hungarian National Museum | Homo heidelbergensis? | 325-340 ka | Vertesszolos | A fragmentary | ||
Mystery Skullless|149x149px]] | ||||||||||||||
Mal’ta Boy[61] | MA-1 | Homo sapiens | 24 ka | Mal'ta | Skeleton. | |||||||||
Mtoto[62] | Panga ya Saidi | Homo sapiens | 78 ka | Panga ya Saidi | Skeleton, a burial. | |||||||||
Vera[63] | Prado Vargas 1360 | Homo neanderthalensis | 54.7-39.8 ka | Prado Vargas | ||||||||||
Pàus[64] | St.n.166623 | Homo neanderthalensis | ||||||||||||
La Dame du Cavillon[65] | Barma del Caviglione 1 | Homo sapiens | 24 ka | Cavillon Cave | Skeleton, a burial. | |||||||||
Ötzi the Iceman[66] | South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology | Homo sapiens | 3300 BC | Ötztal Alps | A mummified body. | |||||||||
Luzia[67] | Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 | Homo sapiens | 11.5 ka | Lapa Vermelha | A fragmentary skeleton. | |||||||||
Naia[68] | HN5/48 | Homo sapiens | 13-12 ka | Hoyo Negro | A skeleton. | |||||||||
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi[69] | None | Homo sapiens | 550–300 years | Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park | A mummified body. | |||||||||
Anzick Boy[70] | Anzick-1 | Homo sapiens | 13-12.85 ka | Near Wilsall | A skeleton. | |||||||||
Leanderthal Lady[71] | Homo sapiens | 13-10 ka | Wilson-Leonard Brushy Creek Site | A skeleton. | ||||||||||
El Graeco[72] | Graecopithecus freybergi | 7.2 mya | Pyrgos Vasilissis | Dental-mandibular remains. | ||||||||||
Madam Buya[73] | Buia UA 31 | Homo erectus | 1 mya | Afar | A cranium. | |||||||||
Eve[74] | Qazeh 9 | Homo sapiens | 100–90 ka | Qafzeh Cave | A cranium. | |||||||||
Besséʼ[75] | Homo sapiens | 7200 years | Leang Panninge cave | A skeleton. | ||||||||||
Roger[76] | Boxgrove 1 | Homo heidelbergensis | 500 ka | Boxgrove | Limb and dental fragments. | |||||||||
Pau[77] | IPS21350 | Pierolapithecus catalaunicus | 12.5-13 mya | Barranc de Can Vila-1 site | A skeleton. |
Ungulates
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue Babe | University of Alaska Museum | Steppe Bison | |||||
Thor[78] | Megacerops | Eocene |
Marsupials
Pelycosaurs
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leidy[79] | Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (on loan to Royal Ontario Museum) | Dimetrodon borealis | Early Permian, 270 Ma (Artinskian) | Orby Head Formation | Named after Joseph Leidy, the original describer of the specimen |
Reptiles
Lepidosauria
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bob | Tylosaurus | ||||||
Bruce | Tylosaurus | ||||||
Brutus | Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology | Prognathodon overtoni | Korite Ammolite mine, Bearpaw Formation | Named Brutus to describe the Burly nature of its anatomy.[80] | |||
Bunker | KUVP 5033 | University of Kansas Natural History Museum | Tylosaurus | Niobrara Formation | |||
Max | Tylosaurus | ||||||
Mister Sinister | TMP 2008.036.0001 | Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology | Mosasaurus missouriensis | Late Campanian; Late Cretaceous | Bearpaw Formation | A Juvenile, named after the comic book character Mister Sinister, in reference to its grin.[81] | |
Mushy | |||||||
Omācīw | Tylosaurus | ||||||
Sophie | Tylosaurus | ||||||
Suzy | Tylosaurus |
Pseudosuchians
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Big Bert | SMNH P2411.1 | Royal Saskatchewan Museum | Terminonaris robusta | Late Cretaceous (Turonian) | Favel Formation | Most complete specimen of the genus | |
Black Sun[82] | THOR16_100BS | Crocodylus anthropophagus | Pleistocene | Olduvai Gorge | Named due to the fact that it was discovered during an annual solar eclipse on September 1, 2016 | ||
Edgar[83] | NHMUK P9/3a | Natural History Museum, London | Aenigmaspina pantyffynnonensis | Late Triassic (Rhaetian) | |||
Mo | Terminonaris ponteixensis | Late Cretacaeous | |||||
Scarface[84] | LPRP 0697 | Laboratório de
Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto |
Aphaurosuchus escharafacies | Late Cretaceois (Coniacian-Campanian) | Bauru Group of Vale do Rio do Peixe
Formation |
A cut on the left jugal and dentary made by the rock saw during the collection of the specimen, promptly gave the fossil its nickname “Scarface.” |
Pterosauria
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butch | AODF 876 | Australian Age of Dinosaurs | Ferrodraco | Cenomanian; Late Cretaceous | Winton Formation | Holotype of Ferrodraco | |
Dark Wing | Rhamphorhynchus | ||||||
Dracula | undescribed azhdarchid | ||||||
Ian | undescribed wukongopterid | ||||||
Mrs. T | Darwinopterus |
Sauropterygia
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albert[85] | Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology | possibly Albertonectes | Late Cretcaeois | Bearpaw Formation | Named after Albertonectes, because it might possibly belong to that genus. | ||
Britney | Ophthalmothule | Tithonian-Berriasian | |||||
Doris | Pliosaurus carpenteri | ||||||
Harold[86] | GPM 5001 [87] | Paleon Museum | Serpentisuchops pfisterae | Late Cretaceous, (Lower Maastrichtian) | Pierre Shale | ||
Ichabod | TMP 2007.011.0001 | Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology | Albertonectes vanderveldei | Late Campanian; Late Cretaceous | Bearpaw Formation | Named after Ichabod Crane from the Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, in reference to the missing skull of the specimen. |
Misc Reptiles
Nickname | Catalogue number | Institution | Taxon | Age | Unit | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brigitta[88] | Natural History Museum, Vienna | Archelon | Campanian | Pierre Shale | the largest known specimen of Archelon and second largest individual turtle fossil after specimen CIAAP-2002-01 of Stupendemys geographica[89] | ||
Delilah | Pareisaurus | ||||||
Jim 2[90] | LACM DI 157871 | Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | Cymbospondylus youngorum | Anisian | Favret Formation | holotype specimen of C. youngorum, the largest known member of the genus with a skull length of almost 2 meters [91] | |
Oldie / Gamla | Keilhauia nui |
Misc. Tetrapods
Fish
Arthropods
Mollusks
See also
- Non-dinosaur specimens
- Non-dinosaur specimens
- Non-dinosaur specimens
References
- 1 2 "How Two Rival Mammoths Lost an Epic Duel 12,000 Years Ago". HowStuffWorks. 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Exhibits". Trailside Museum - University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
- 1 2 Mancini, Mark (August 29, 2018). "How Two Rival Mammoths Lost an Epic Duel 12,000 Years Ago". Howstuffworks.
- ↑ "Science Central - Fred the Mastodon Exhibit". www.exhibitsalive.com. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ↑ "Seekuh Linda". Stadtmuseum Bad Vöslau. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ↑ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (February 26, 2016). "Max isn't the only mastodon at the Western Science Center. Happy #FossilFriday Little Stevie! https://t.co/ODaF5IHJ8w" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Switek, Brian. "Mastodons to the Max". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
- ↑ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (April 5, 2021). "We asked you to #NametheWSCSloth last week & staff picked their favorite submission: say hello to Mylo! Mylo is short for Paramylodon, the genus name for the Harlan's Ground Sloth. We can't wait for you to meet Mylo in person again when we reopen to the public later this year! https://t.co/QTPPM6XWZL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (August 12, 2015). "Xena the mammoth wants everyone to recognize #WorldElephantDay and to support the conservation of living elephants. http://t.co/Cy0ikWRPOn" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- 1 2 "Stunning pictures of the world's only uniquely preserved cave lion cubs as new secrets revealed". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
- ↑ Centre for Palaeogenetics [@CpgSthlm] (August 17, 2020). "Follow this thread for an almost unbelievable story, hiding in the SI of this paper: https://t.co/2wnZTGVwVg Ten years ago, a roughly 14,000 year old frozen #dog or #wolf #puppy was found in Russia. It's been named Tumat. Subsequently, an autopsy of Tumat was conducted (1/n). https://t.co/FtV3SIZmjL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Boessenecker, Robert (1 January 2019). "2018 in review: advances in marine mammal paleontology". The Coastal Paleontologist. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ Switek, Brian. "Meet Alesi, the Prehistoric Infant Ape". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara; Engle, Zachary; Spoor, Fred (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839.
- ↑ "ARA-VP-6/500". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1994-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "KNM-WT 17000". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1985-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J.; American Museum of Natural History, eds. (2004). Assembling the tree of life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517234-8.
- ↑ "OH 5". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1959-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Brown, P.; Sutikna, T.; Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Jatmiko; Wayhu Saptomo, E.; Awe Due, Rokus (2004). "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia". Nature. 431 (7012): 1055–1061. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1055B. doi:10.1038/nature02999. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15514638. S2CID 26441.
- ↑ Randerson, James; Pilkington, Ed (2009-05-19). "Deal in Hamburg bar led scientist to Ida fossil, the 'eighth wonder of the world'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "A new look at the Gibraltar Neanderthals". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Bouchet, Florian; Urciuoli, Alessandro; Beaudet, Amélie; Pina, Marta; Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Alba, David M. (2021-12-01). "Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae". Journal of Human Evolution. 161: 103073. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103073. hdl:2263/82958. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 34628300. S2CID 238581331.
- ↑ "AL 288-1". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1974-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ ".: DITSONG MUSEUMS OF SOUTH AFRICA :". 2013-09-30. Archived from the original on 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Herries, Andy I. R.; Shaw, John (2011-05-01). "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries". Journal of Human Evolution. 60 (5): 523–539. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 21392817.
- ↑ Richards, Michael P.; Trinkaus, Erik (2009-09-22). "Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16034–16039. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903821106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2752538. PMID 19706482.
- ↑ "Taung Child". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1924-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "Taung Child's brain development not human-like? CT scan casts doubt on similarity to that of modern humans". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Schiess, Regula; Haeusler, Martin (2013). "No skeletal dysplasia in the nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 ( homo erectus )-A reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22211. PMID 23283736.
- ↑ "Shanidar 1". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1957-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "La Chapelle-aux-Saints". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1908-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Bergman, Christopher A.; Stringer, Christopher B. (1989). "Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Palaeolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon". Paléorient. 15 (2): 99–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.1989.4512.
- 1 2 Douka, Katerina; Bergman, Christopher A.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Higham, Thomas F. G. (2013-09-11). Lalueza-Fox, Carles (ed.). "Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e72931. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872931D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770606. PMID 24039825.
- ↑ "Arene Candide - Upper Paleolithic Burial of Arene Candide". 2017-02-23. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "Homo habilis". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Tobias, Phillip V. (1991). "The species Homo habilis: example of a premature discovery". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28 (3/4): 371–380. ISSN 0003-455X. JSTOR 23735461.
- ↑ "OH 13". CODI. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "OH 16". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1963-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ "OH 24". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1968-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Alemseged, Zeresenay; Spoor, Fred; Kimbel, William H.; Bobe, René; Geraads, Denis; Reed, Denné; Wynn, Jonathan G. (2006). "A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 443 (7109): 296–301. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..296A. doi:10.1038/nature05047. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16988704. S2CID 4418369.
- ↑ Soukup, Václav; Mechurová, Zdenka (2018-12-14). "Mysterious Prehistoric Samuel: Homo erectus paleohungaricus in the Context of Anthropogenesis". Anthropologia Integra. 9 (2): 7–19. doi:10.5817/AI2018-2-7. ISSN 1804-6665.
- ↑ Antón, Susan C.; Middleton, Emily R. (2023-06-01). "Making meaning from fragmentary fossils: Early Homo in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 179: 103307. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103307. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 37030994. S2CID 258014849.
- ↑ Switek, Brian. "What Killed the Hominins of AL 333?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ↑ Mithen, Steven (2007-10-31). The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02559-2.
- ↑ ""Agamenón", el homínido más famoso de Atapuerca, no estaba sordo". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045143/http://www.ucm.es/cont/descargas/prensa/tribuna562.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
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(help) - ↑ "Benjamina, "la más querida": el fósil de Atapuerca que mostró el paso del afecto al amor". Agencia SINC (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
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- ↑ Brunet, Michel; Beauvilain, Alain; Coppens, Yves; Heintz, Emile; Moutaye, Aladji H. E.; Pilbeam, David (1995). "The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad)". Nature. 378 (6554): 273–275. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..273B. doi:10.1038/378273a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 7477344. S2CID 4365908.
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- ↑ Ruiz, Marta Navazo; Benito-Calvo, Alfonso; Alonso-Alcalde, Rodrigo; Alonso, Pedro; Fuente, Héctor de la; Santamaría, Marta; Santamaría, Claudia; Álvarez-Vena, Adrián; Arnold, Lee J.; Iriarte-Chiapusso, Ma José; Demuro, Martina; Lozano, Marina; Ortiz, José Eugenio; Torres, Trinidad (2021-02-15). "Late Neanderthal subsistence strategies and cultural traditions in the northern Iberia Peninsula: Insights from Prado Vargas, Burgos, Spain". Quaternary Science Reviews. 254: 106795. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25406795R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106795. hdl:10259/6203. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 233924074.
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- ↑ "Dame du Cavillon". Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ "The Incredible Age of the Find | Ötzi - South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology". 2015-06-24. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ "WHO WAS FIRST -- Ancient Immigrants Into The Americas - LUZIA WOMAN". 2007-12-24. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
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- ↑ Brooke, James (1999-08-25). "Body of Ancient Man Found in West Canada Glacier (Published 1999)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Morten; Anzick, Sarah L.; Waters, Michael R.; Skoglund, Pontus; DeGiorgio, Michael; Stafford, Thomas W.; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Albrechtsen, Anders; Doyle, Shane M.; Poznik, G. David; Gudmundsdottir, Valborg; Yadav, Rachita; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; V, Samuel Stockton White (2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–229. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. doi:10.1038/nature13025. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4878442. PMID 24522598.
- ↑ "Leander Man Thinks He May Have Found Fossilized Human Skull In Backyard". Austin, TX Patch. 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ Knapton, Sarah (2017-05-22). "Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa, scientists find". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ "New Skull from Eritrea - Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ Coutinho-Nogueira, Dany; Coqueugniot, Hélène; Tillier, Anne-Marie (2021-12-21). "Qafzeh 9 Early Modern Human from Southwest Asia: age at death and sex estimation re-assessed". Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift Fur die Vergleichende Forschung Am Menschen. 72 (4): 293–305. doi:10.1127/homo/2021/1513. ISSN 1618-1301. PMID 34505621. S2CID 237469414.
- ↑ Lu, Donna (2021-08-25). "'Genetic fossil': intact DNA from woman who lived 7,200 years ago discovered in Indonesia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ "The History Press | From Boxgrove Man to Stonehenge: England's prehistory explored". www.thehistorypress.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ Bezanson, Michele; MacKinnon, Katherine C; Riley, Erin; Campbell, Christina J; Nekaris, K.A.I (Anna); Estrada, Alejandro; Di Fiore, Anthony F; Ross, Stephen; Jones-Engel, Lisa E, eds. (2016-06-14). The International Encyclopedia of Primatology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0216. ISBN 978-0-470-67337-9.
- ↑ Bamforth, Emily [@EL_Bamforth] (June 24, 2020). "@TomHoltzPaleo I recognize this beasty! This is 'Thor', a near complete #bronotothere collected near #EastendSK. There are casts of it at the #TrexDiscoveryCentre, @royalsaskmuseum and the @RoyalTyrrell" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ "Natural History | PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation". www.peimuseum.ca. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
- ↑ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (March 22, 2021). "Up next in our #MonikerMonday series is the Prognathodon specimen on display in our Fossils in Focus exhibit. Collected in 2018 from the Korite Ammolite mine in southern Alberta, this mosasaur swam in the Bearpaw Sea during the Late Cretaceous Period. https://t.co/k0uyTGCCkl" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-04-06. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (February 15, 2021). "This juvenile Mosasaurus is smaller than many of the marine reptiles in our collection. The specimen preserves gut contents, including a metre-long lizardfish! After death, sharks scavenged the mosasaur. The fossil was recovered from the Korite ammonite mine in 2008. https://t.co/GRZKrE8yOL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Azarra, Beatrice; Boschian, Giovanni; Brochu, Christopher; Delfino, Massimo; Iurino, Dawid Adam; Kimambo, Jackson Stanley; Manzi, Giorgio; Masao, Fidelis T.; Menconero, Sofia; Njau, Jackson K; Cherin, Marco (2021). "A new cranium of Crocodylus anthropophagus from Olduvai Gorge, northern Tanzania". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 127 (2): 275–295. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/15771. S2CID 237962496.
- ↑ Patrick, Erin L.; Whiteside, David I.; Benton, Michael J. (2019). "A new crurotarsan archosaur from the Late Triassic of South Wales" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1645147. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E5147P. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645147. S2CID 202848499. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2019.
- ↑ Darlim, Gustavo; Montefeltro, Felipe C.; Langer, Max C. (2021-04-18). "3D skull modelling and description of a new baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous (Bauru Basin) of Brazil". Journal of Anatomy. 239 (3): 622–662. doi:10.1111/joa.13442. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 8349455. PMID 33870512.
- ↑ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (April 19, 2021). "Our technician Darren Tanke found this plesiosaur specimen near Manyberries, AB in 2012. The partial skeleton is about 10 metres long, and is currently being studied by Dr. James Campbell. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/BWtA9tbkPy" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-06-11 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Tarlach, Gemma (2022-09-28). "A 'Weird' Ancient Marine Reptile Surfaces Thanks to the 'Bone Biddies'". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
- ↑ Persons, W. S.; Street, H. P.; Kelley, A. (2022). "A long-snouted and long-necked polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America". iScience. 25 (10). 105033. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j5033P. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105033. PMC 9617461. PMID 36317161.
- ↑ Eaton, Jeffrey G. (1993-03-18). "Therian mammals from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) Dakota Formation, southwestern Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13 (1): 105–124. Bibcode:1993JVPal..13..105E. doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011491. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ Cadena, E.-A.; Scheyer, T.M.; Carrillo-Briceño, J.D.; Sánchez, R.; Aguilera-Socorro, O.A.; Vanegas, A.; Pardo, M.; Hansen, D.M.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R. (12 Feb 2020). "The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle". Science Advances. 6 (7): eaay4593. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4593C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay4593. PMC 7015691. PMID 32095528.
- ↑ "Ichthyosaur: New Discoveries". National History Museum Los Angeles County. 22 September 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
... While dinosaurs dominated land during the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago), marine reptiles like this giant ichthyosaur—nicknamed Jim 2—ruled the sea. Come see the complete skull on display for the very first time. ...'
- ↑ Sander, P.M.; Griebeler, E.M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J.V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L.J.; Schmitz, L. (2021). "Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans". Science. 374 (6575): eabf5787. doi:10.1126/science.abf5787. PMID 34941418. S2CID 245444783.
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