A number of heads of state and heads of government have taken their own lives, either while in office or after leaving office. National leaders who take their own lives while in office generally do so because their leadership is somehow threatened – for instance, by a coup or an invading army. Some have done so under compulsion.

Heads of state

NameStateYearIn
office?		Method(Probable)
motive		Ref.
ZhouShang dynasty1046 BCYesImmolationImpending defeat by rebels under Jiang Ziya[1]
ZimriIsrael885 BC?Impending defeat by rebels under Omri[2]
Rusa IUrartu714 BCStabbingDefeat by Sargon II, looting of Musasir[3]
MidasPhrygia676 BC?PoisoningImpending defeat by the Cimmerians[4]
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (disputed)Babylonia648 BCImmolationDefeat by Ashurbanipal[5]
ChengChu626 BCHangingPalace coup by Prince Shangchen[6]
Sîn-šar-iškun (disputed)Assyria612 BCDefeat by Nabopolassar[7]
LingChu529 BCHangingPalace coup by Duke Qiji of Cai[8]
Psamtik IIIEgypt525 BCNoPoisoningDefeated and deposed by the Achaemenid king Cambyses II[4]
Cleomenes I (disputed)Sparta490 BCYesMutilation by swordImprisonment on grounds of insanity[9]
FuchaiWu473 BCHanging or slitting throat (disputed)Defeat by Goujian of Yue[10]
HuaiQin425 BCCompelled after palace coup[11]
Chandragupta Maurya (disputed)Maurya Empire295 BCNoStarvation (sallekhana)Piety[12]
Cleomenes IIISparta219 BCFailure of revolt against Ptolemy IV[13]
Qin Er ShiQin dynasty207 BCYesCompelled after palace coup by Zhao Gao[14]
Xiang YuChu202 BCSlitting throatDefeat by Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia[15]
An Dương VươngÂu Lạc179 BCDrowningDefeat by Zhao Tuo[16]
Quintus Fulvius FlaccusRoman Republic172 BCNoHangingDepression after death of son[17]
DiaeusAchaean League146 BCYesPoisoningDefeat by Romans under Lucius Mummius[18][19]
Diodotus Tryphon (disputed)Seleucid Empire138 BCDefeat by Antiochus VII Sidetes[20]
Gaius Papirius CarboRoman Republic119 BCNoPoisoningProsecution for treason[21]
Gnaeus Papirius CarboRoman Republic112 BCProsecution for losing the Battle of Noreia[22]
Gaius Marius the YoungerRoman Republic82 BCYesDefeat at the Battle of the Colline Gate and impending capture by Sulla[23]
Gaius NorbanusRoman Republic82 BCNoThreat of extradition from Rhodes after proscription by Sulla[24]
Mithridates VI EupatorPontus63 BCYesStabbed by bodyguard on command after failed poisoningImpending defeat by rebellion[25]
Ptolemy of CyprusCyprus58 BCPoisoningThreat of Roman annexation[26]
Juba INumidia46 BCDuel as part of suicide pact with Marcus PetreiusImpending defeat by Julius Caesar after the Battle of Thapsus[18]
Mark AntonyRoman Republic30 BCNoStabbingDefeat by Octavian at the Battle of Alexandria[27]
Cleopatra VII PhilopatorPtolemaic Kingdom30 BCYesPoisoningDeath of Mark Antony and defeat by Octavian[28]
NeroRoman Empire68Stabbing (assisted by Epaphroditus)Impending overthrow[18]
OthoRoman Empire69StabbingImpending defeat by Vitellius[29]
DecebalusDacia106Slitting throatDefeat by Trajan[30]
Uthiyan CheralathanChera dynasty130?Starvation (vaṭakkiruttal)Defeat by Karikala at the Battle of Venni[31]
Gordian IRoman Empire238HangingDeath of son and co-emperor Gordian II at the Battle of Carthage[32]
Sun LiangEastern Wu260NoAccused of plotting to assassinate successor after deposition[33]
BongsangGoguryeo300YesHangingPalace coup owing to popular unrest[34]
MaximianRoman Empire310NoFailure of rebellion against Constantine I[35]
Diocletian (disputed)Roman Empire312?StarvationFear of reprisal by Constantine I[36]
Li QiCheng Han338HangingPalace coup and deposition by Li Shou[37]
Lü ShaoLater Liang400YesPalace coup by Lü Zuan[38]
Juqu MujianNorthern Liang447NoCompelled by Taiwu of Northern Wei on suspicion of plotting rebellion[39]
Yujiulü AnaguiRouran Khaganate552YesDefeat by Turkic rebellion led by Bumin Qaghan[40]
Gao WeiNorthern Qi577?NoCompelled by Wu of Northern Zhou on suspicion of plotting rebellion[41]
KōbunJapan672YesStrangulationDefeat by Prince Ōama in Jinshin War[42][43]
HuigangSilla838HangingImpending defeat by rebels under Kim Myeong[44]
Zhangxin QaghanUyghur Khaganate839Defeat by Zhuyue Chixin[45]
Zhu YouguiLater Liang913Palace coup by Zhu Youzhen[46]
Zhu YouzhenLater Liang923Impending defeat by Later Tang[47]
GyeongaeSilla927Compelled after defeat by Gyeon Hwon[48]
Li CongkeLater Tang937ImmolationImpending defeat by Taizong of Liao[49]
Marasimha IIWestern Ganga dynasty975NoStarvation (sallekhana)Failure against Siyaka and Tailapa II, piety[50]
Indra IVRashtrakuta982Collapse of Rashtrakuta, failure against Tailapa II, piety[50]
JayapalaHindu Shahis1001ImmolationDefeat by Mahmud of Ghazni and abdication[51]
Someshvara IWestern Chalukya Empire1068YesDrowningDefeat by Virarajendra Chola and illness[52]
AnantaLohara dynasty1081NoStabbingBreakdown of relationship with son and successor Kalaśa after abdication[53]
Zhang BangchangDa Chu1127HangingCompelled by Gaozong of Song after abdication[54]
AizongJin dynasty1234YesMongol conquest of the Jin dynasty[55]
PrataparudraKakatiya dynasty1323Defeat and capture by the Delhi Sultanate[56]
Bayezid IOttoman Empire1403NoDefeat and imprisonment by Timur[57]
TezozomoctliCuauhtitlan1430YesPoisoningDefeat in the Tepanec War[58]
Hasan AliQara Qoyunlu1469Defeat by Uzun Hasan[59]
Moquihuix (disputed)Tlatelolco1473Jumped off pyramidDefeat by Aztecs in the Battle of Tlatelolco[60]
Lê Cung HoàngLê dynasty1527NoHangingCompelled after palace coup by Mạc Đăng Dung[61]
Muzaffar Shah IIIGujarat1592Slitting throatCapture by Mughal forces after failed rebellion
Chongzhen EmperorMing dynasty1644YesHanging or suffocation (disputed)Impending defeat by rebels under Li Zicheng[62]
Lê Duy PhườngLê dynasty1735NoHangingCompelled after palace coup by Trịnh Giang[61]
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve France1794GunshotImpending arrest after proscription[63]
Philippe Rühl France1795StabbingProsecution after failure of Prairial uprising[64]
Louis-Joseph Charlier France1797GunshotMental breakdown[65]
Osei Kwame PanyinAshanti Empire1803Poisoning or strangulation (disputed)Deposition by Konadu Yaadom[66]
Henri Christophe Haiti1820YesGunshotPoor health, impending overthrow[67]
Juan Larrea Argentina1847NoGunshot or slitting throat (disputed)Business failure[68][69]
Anson Jones Texas1858GunshotPolitical failure[70]
Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid Jabal Shammar1868YesIll-health[71]
Tewodros II Ethiopia1868Defeated by the British Expedition to Abyssinia[72]
Abdulaziz (disputed) Ottoman Empire1876NoArms cut by scissorsForced abdication[73]
Fridolin Anderwert  Switzerland1880YesGunshotAdverse press coverage, depression, exhaustion[74]
José Manuel Balmaceda Chile1891NoDefeat in the Chilean Civil War of 1891[75]
Nikolay Chkheidze Georgia1926Slitting throatDepression over the Bolsheviks' conquest of Georgia[76][77]
Germán Busch Bolivia1939YesGunshotPolitical frustration, depression[78]
Otto Strandman Estonia1941NoImpending arrest by NKVD[79][80]
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Poland1942Jumped off a buildingDefeat of Poland and political frustration in exile[81]
Adolf Hitler Germany1945YesGunshotPending defeat in the European theatre of World War II[82]
Nguyen Van Thinh French Cochinchina1946HangingPolitical failure[83]
Omer Nishani (disputed) Albania1954NoGunshotPoor health, political failure[84][85]
Getúlio Vargas Brazil1954YesOpposition from the military[86]
Salvador Allende (disputed) Chile1973Military coup[87][88][89]
Chivu Stoica Romania1975NoOut of favour with leadership of the Romanian Communist Party[90]
Carlos Prío Socarrás (disputed) Cuba1977Faced questioning by the House Select Committee on Assassinations[91][92]
Antonio Guzmán Fernández Dominican Republic1982YesCorruption allegations[93][94]
Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado Cuba1983NoPoor health, bereavement[95]
Lazarus Salii Palau1988YesCorruption allegations[96]
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (disputed) Georgia1993NoDefeat in the Georgian Civil War[97][98]
Dipendra Nepal2001YesUnknown: had just killed nine family members[99]
Carlos Roberto Reina Honduras2003NoIll-health[100]
Milan Babić Serbian Krajina2006HangingImprisonment over war crimes[101]
Roh Moo-hyun South Korea2009Jumped off a cliffCorruption allegations[102]
Alan García Pérez Peru 2019GunshotAllegations of corruption[103]

Heads of government

NameCountryYearIn
office		MethodProbable
motive		Reference
Hurshid Pasha Ottoman Empire1822YesPoisonDefeat in the Greek War of Independence and execution threat[104]
Bhimsen Thapa Nepal1839NoSlit throat with a kukriDisgrace of third wife[105]
Abdul Muhsin al-Sa'dun Iraq1929YesGunshotPolitical frustration[106][107]
Iosif Adamovich Byelorussian SSR1937NoBeing taken to Moscow under arrest[108]
Walery Sławek Poland1939Political failure[109][110]
Pál Teleki Hungary1941YesDistress over entry of German troops into Hungary[111][112]
Alexandros Koryzis Greece1941German invasion of Greece[113]
Joseph Goebbels Germany1945NoGunshot or cyanideDefeat in European theatre of World War II[114][115]
Fumimaro Konoe Japan1945CyanideAccused of war crimes[116]
Milan Nedić (disputed) Serbia1946Jumped from prison windowImprisonment after defeat in World War II[117]
Johannes Vares (disputed) Estonia1946GunshotDisillusion with Soviet system[118][119]
Tawfik Abu Al-Huda Jordan1956HangingDying of cancer[120][121][122]
John McEwen Australia1980Starvation (refused food)Ill-health[123][124]
Mehmet Shehu (disputed) Albania1981YesGunshotNervous breakdown[125][126]
Hailu Yimenu Ethiopia1991 or 1993NoAvoiding capture by the EPRDF[127][128]
Pierre Bérégovoy France1993GunshotDepression and being investigated[129]
Mahmoud Zuabi Syria2000Allegations of corruption[130]
Alan García Pérez Peru2019Allegations of corruption[103]

See also

References

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