Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
  • Extinct (EX)
Endangered
  • Critically Endangered (CR)
  • Severely Endangered (SE)
  • Definitely Endangered (DE)
  • Vulnerable (VU)
  • (list)
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Safe
Other categories
Related topics
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger categories

This article is a list of languages and dialects that have no native speakers, no spoken descendents, and diverged from their parent language in Europe.

List

Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Region Ethnic group
Aeolic Greek Indo-European [data missing] Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly Aeolians
Aequian Indo-European 200s BC[1] East-central Italy Aequi
Akkala Sámi Uralic 29 December 2003 AD[2] Southwest Kola Peninsula Akkala Sámi
Alavese Basque (language isolate) [data missing] Álava Alavese Basques
Ancient Belgian Indo-European [data missing] Nordwestblock Belgae
Ancient Macedonian Indo-European [data missing] Macedonia Ancient Macedonians
Andalusi Arabic Afroasiatic 1600s AD[3] Al-Andalus Andalusi Muslims
Andalusi Romance Indo-European 1300s AD[4] Al-Andalus Mozarabs and Muladí
Anglo-Norman Indo-European [data missing] Norman England Anglo-Normans
Arcadocypriot Greek Indo-European [data missing] Arcadia and Cyprus Arcadocypriot Greeks
Arran Gaelic Indo-European 1977 AD[5] Isle of Arran Arran Gaels
Auregnais Indo-European 1960s AD[6] Alderney Channel Islanders of Alderney
Basque–Icelandic pidgin Basque–Icelandic pidgin [data missing] Westfjords Basque whalers and Icelanders
Bohemian Romani Indo-European [data missing] Bohemia Bohemian Romani
Borgarmålet Swedish–Sámi pidgin [data missing] Swedish Sápmi Swedes and Sámi
British Latin Indo-European 700s AD[7] Roman Britain; later Anglo-Saxon England British Romans
Bulgar Turkic [data missing] Danubian Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria Bulgars
Burgundian Indo-European 500s AD[8] Kingdom of the Burgundians Burgundians
Camunic Unclassified [data missing] Val Camonica Camunni
Celtiberian Indo-European [data missing] Iberia Celtiberians
Cimmerian Indo-European [data missing] North Caucasus Cimmerians
Cisalpine Gaulish Indo-European [data missing] Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gauls
Crimean Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[9] Crimea Crimean Goths
Cumbric Indo-European 1100s AD[10] Cumbria Cumbrians
Curonian Indo-European 1500s AD[11] Courland Curonians
Dacian Indo-European [data missing] Dacia Dacians
Dalmatian Indo-European 10 June 1898 AD[12] Dalmatia Dalmatae
Dardanian Indo-European [data missing] Kingdom of Dardania Dardani
Deeside Gaelic Indo-European 18 March 1984 AD[13] Aberdeenshire Gaels of Aberdeenshire
East Galindian Indo-European [data missing] Protva basin Eastern Galindians
Elymian Indo-European [data missing] Western Sicily Elymians
Èrsh Northeast Caucasian [data missing] Caucasus Èr
Eteocretan Unclassified [data missing] Crete Eteocretans
Eteocypriot Unclassified 300s BC[14] Cyprus Eteocypriots
Etruscan Tyrsenian 00s AD[15] Etruria Etruscans
Faliscan Indo-European [data missing] Northern Lazio Falisci
Fingallian Indo-European [data missing] Fingal Fingallians
Gallaecian Indo-European [data missing] Gallaecia Gallaeci
Galwegian Gaelic Indo-European [data missing] Galloway Galwegian Gaels
Gaulish Indo-European 500s AD[16] Gaul Gauls
Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[17] Throughout Europe Goths
Hernican Indo-European [data missing] Southeast Latium Hernici
Hunnic Unclassified [data missing] Hunnic Empire Huns
Iazychie Indo-European 1900s AD[18] Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia Ukrainian and Carpatho-Rusyn Moskvophiles
Iberian Unclassified [data missing] Iberia Iberians
Illyrian Indo-European 100s AD[19] Illyria Illyrians
Jassic Indo-European [data missing] Jászság Jász
Judaeo-Aragonese Indo-European [data missing] Aragon Aragonese Jews
Judaeo-Catalan Indo-European [data missing] Catalan Countries Catalonian Jews
Judaeo-Piedmontese Indo-European [data missing] Piedmont Piedmontese Jews
Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European [data missing] Portugal Portuguese Jews
Judaeo-Provençal Indo-European 3 November 1977 AD[20] Provence Provençal Jews
Kainuu Sámi Uralic [data missing] Kainuu Kainuu Sámi
Kemi Sámi Uralic [data missing] Southern Finnish Lapland Kemi Sámi
Khazar Turkic [data missing] Khazar Khaganate Khazars
Kilit Indo-European [data missing] Kilit Talysh of Kilit
Klezmer-loshn Indo-European [data missing] Eastern Europe Klezmorim
Knaanic Indo-European [data missing] Central Europe West Slavic Jews
Laiuse Romani Mixed Romani–Estonian 1940s AD[21] Laiuse Romani of Laiuse
Lanuvian Indo-European [data missing] Lanuvium Lanuvians
Leinster Irish Indo-European [data missing] Leinster Irish of Leinster
Lemnian Tyrsenian 400s BC[22] Lemnos Lemnians
Lepontic Indo-European 00s BC[23] Cisalpine Gaul and Raetia Lepontii
Liburnian Indo-European [data missing] Liburnia Liburnians
Ligurian Unclassified 100s AD[24] Liguria Ligures
Locrian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Locris Locrians
Lusitanian Indo-European 100s AD[25] Lusitania Lusitanians
Marsian Indo-European 150s BC[26] Marsica Marsi
Marrucinian Indo-European [data missing] Chieti Marrucini
Merya Uralic [data missing] Upper Volga region Meryans
Meshchera Uralic [data missing] Meshchera Lowlands Meshchera
Messapic Indo-European 100s BC[27] Salento Messapians
Minoan Unclassified 1450s BC[28] Crete Minoans
Moselle Romance Indo-European 1000s AD[29] The Moselle People along the Moselle
Muromian Uralic 900s AD[30] Oka basin Muromians
Noric Indo-European [data missing] Noricum Norici
Norn Indo-European 1850 AD[31] Northern Isles and Caithness Norse settlement of Northern Isles and Caithness
North Picene Unclassified [data missing] North Picenum North Picentes
Northern Manx Indo-European 1940s AD[32] Northern part of the Isle of Man Northern Manx
Old Novgorod Indo-European [data missing] Novgorod Republic Novgorodians
Old Prussian Indo-European 1700s AD[33] Prussia Old Prussians
Oscan Indo-European 00s AD[34] Campania and Latium adiectum Osci
Paelignian Indo-European [data missing] Valle Peligna Paeligni
Paeonian Indo-European [data missing] Paeonia Paeonians
Paleo-Corsican Unclassified [data missing] Corsica Ancient Corsi
Paleo-Sardinian Unclassified [data missing] Sardinia Nuragic peoples
Pamphylian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Pamphylia Pamphylians
Pannonian Romance Indo-European [data missing] Pannonia Latin Pannonians
Pecheneg Turkic [data missing] Eastern Europe Pechenegs
Pelasgian Unclassified [data missing] Aegean Islands Pelasgians
Pictish Indo-European 1000s AD[35] Northern Scotland Picts
Polabian Indo-European 3 October 1756 AD[36] Northeastern Germany Polabian Slavs
Praenestinian Indo-European [data missing] Palestrina Praenestinians
Pre-Samnite Indo-European [data missing] Campania Pre-Samnites
Rhaetic Tyrsenian [data missing] Raetia Raeti
Rotvælsk Indo-European 1900s AD[37] Denmark Natmændsfolk
Russenorsk Russian–Norwegian pidgin 1900s AD[38] Northern Norway Pomors and Norwegians
Sabine Indo-European [data missing] Sabina Sabines
Selonian Indo-European [data missing] Selonia Selonians
Semigallian Indo-European 1500s AD[39] Semigallia Semigallians
Shirvani Arabic Afroasiatic [data missing] Shirvan Shirvani
Sicanian Unclassified [data missing] Central Sicily Sicani
Siculian Indo-European 300s BC[40] Eastern Sicily Sicels
Sidicini Indo-European [data missing] Sidicinum Sidicini
Skalvian Indo-European [data missing] Scalovia Skalvians
Slovincian Indo-European 1900s AD[41] Northwestern Kashubia Slovincians
Solombala English English–Russian pidgin [data missing] Solombala Shipyard English and Russian traders
South Picene Indo-European 300s BC[42] South Picenum South Picentes
Sudovian Indo-European [data missing] Yotvingia Yotvingians
Suebian Indo-European [data missing] Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia Suebi
Tartessian Unclassified [data missing] Tartessos Tartessians
Thracian Indo-European 500s AD[43] Thracia Thracians
Ubykh Northwest Caucasian 7 October 1992 AD[44] Ubykhia Ubykh
Umbrian Indo-European [data missing] Umbria Umbri
Vandalic Indo-European 500s AD[45] Vandal kingdoms Vandals
Venetic Indo-European 00s BC[46] Veneto Adriatic Veneti
Vestinian Indo-European 100s BC[47] Abruzzo Vestini
Volscian Indo-European 200s BC[48] Volscia Volsci
West Galindian Indo-European [data missing] Northeastern Poland Western Galindians
Yola Indo-European 1800s AD[49] Forth and Bargy Irish of Forth and Bargy
Zarphatic Indo-European 1300s AD[50] Northern France and west-central Germany French Jews

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Aequian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 5th to 3rd centuries BC.
  2. ↑ "Nordisk samekonvensjon" [Nordic Sami Convention] (PDF) (in Norwegian). 26 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  3. ↑ Versteegh, Kees (2006). Eid, Mushira (ed.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
  4. ↑ Mozarabic language at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ↑ Broderick, George (2018). "The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975". The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. University of Mannheim. 12: 4. Retrieved 5 December 2023. The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977)...
  6. ↑ Satter, Raphael (4 October 2012). "Scottish man dies, taking town's unique dialect with him". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 September 2023. The last native speaker of Alderney French, a Norman dialect spoken in the Channel Islands, died around 1960.
  7. ↑ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0198217312.
  8. ↑ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091110211.
  9. ↑ Krause, Todd; Slocum, Jonathan. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  10. ↑ Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1976). Scottish Place-names: Their Study and Significance. Batsford. p. 131. ISBN 0713432535.
  11. ↑ Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch" [Curonian]. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Wieser Enzyklopaedie des europäischen Ostens (in German). Vol. 10. Klagenfurt, Austria: Wieser. p. 957. ISBN 3851295102. OCLC 610229982. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  12. ↑ Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). Acco. p. 138. ISBN 9033460947.
  13. ↑ "Gaelic in the North East | The School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture | The University of Aberdeen". www.abdn.ac.uk.
  14. ↑ "Eteocypriot - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
  15. ↑ Rix, Helmut (2004). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. ISBN 978-0-521-56256-0.
  16. ↑ Stifter, David (2012), Old Celtic Languages (lecture notes), University of Kopenhagen
  17. ↑ Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  18. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-107-3. OCLC 929239528.
  19. ↑ Fol, Alexander (2002). Thrace and the Aegean: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Thracology, Sofia - Yambol, 25–29 September, 2000. Vol. 1. International Foundation Europa Antiqua. p. 225. ISBN 9549071456.
  20. ↑ Nahon, Peter (2023). Les parlers français des israélites du Midi (in French). ELiPhi. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-2372760669.
  21. ↑ Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Arends, Jacque; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins.
  22. ↑ "Lemnian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of the Greek island of Lemnos. Until perhaps 400 BC.
  23. ↑ "Lepontic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2023. c. 600 BC - 1 BC.
  24. ↑ "Ligurian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300 BC- 100 AD.
  25. ↑ "Lusitanian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 2nd Century AD.
  26. ↑ "Marsian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300-150 BC.
  27. ↑ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1839–1840. ISBN 978-3110542431.
  28. ↑ "Minoan - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2023. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC.
  29. ↑ Post, Rudolf (2004). "Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 68: 1–35. ISSN 0035-4473.
  30. ↑ Blokland, Rogier (2003). The Endangered Uralic Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108. ISBN 9027247528.
  31. ↑ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50–51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
  32. ↑ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (David Crystal, editor); Cambridge University Press, 1987; p. 303: "The Isle of Man was wholly Manx-speaking until the 18th century... the last mother-tongue speakers died in the late 1940s"
  33. ↑ Young, Steven (2008). "Baltic". In Kapović, Mate (ed.). The Indo-European Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 486–518. ISBN 978-03-6786-902-1.
  34. ↑ Schrijver, Peter (2016). "Oscan love of Rome". Glotta. 92 (1): 223–226. doi:10.13109/glot.2016.92.1.223. ISSN 0017-1298. Page 2 in the online version.
  35. ↑ Wormald, Jenny (25 August 2005). Scotland: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–32. ISBN 0198206151.
  36. ↑ Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
  37. ↑ Bakker, P. & Nielsen, F.S., 2011. Goddeis genter! Mål & mæle, 34(1), pp.13–18.
  38. ↑ "Russenorsk – A Language Sketch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  39. ↑ "Zemgalian : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online". www.blackwellreference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  40. ↑ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. p. 1854. ISBN 978-3110542431.
  41. ↑ Gilbers, Dicky; Schaeken, Joe; Nerbonne, John (2000). Languages in Contact. Rodopi. p. 329. ISBN 9042013222.
  42. ↑ "South Picene - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 6th century BC to 4th century BC.
  43. ↑ "Thracian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 1st Millennium BC - 500 AD.
  44. ↑ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
  45. ↑ Hennings, Thordis (2012). Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche [Introduction to Middle High German] (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-11-025959-9.
  46. ↑ Wallace, Rex (2004). "Venetic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. University of Cambridge. pp. 840–856. ISBN 0-521-56256-2.
  47. ↑ "Vestinian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 250-100 BC.
  48. ↑ "Volscian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 3rd century BC.
  49. ↑ Hickey, Raymond (2023). "3.6.2 The Dialect of Forth and Bargy". The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford University Press. p. 48. After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region.
  50. ↑ Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
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