The Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress "Kürt Teavün ve Terakki Cemiyeti"[1] (KTTC) was founded September 1908 in Constantinople .[2][3] Also known as the Kurdish Society for Progress and Mutual Aid,[4][5] Kurdish Society for Mutual Aid and Progress,[6] Kurdish Society for Support and Progress,[7] Kurdish Society for Assistance and Progress,[8] Kurdish Society for Solidarity and Progress,[9] Kurdish Progressive League,[10] Kurdish League,[11] Kurdish Club[12] and Kurdish Society.[13] The society published a Gazette,[14] which was the first legal Kurdish publication, it debated issues surrounding history, language, national unity and many other topics effecting Kurds.[15] It was the first ever political Kurdish organization and was influenced by European ideas.[16][17] It called for a political, economic and social awakening of Kurdistan.[18] The announcement of its establishment[19] was made in September 1908 and backed by 500 leading Kurdish intellectuals and statesmen.[20] The membership of the society grew very fast in cities and towns with large Kurdish populations.[21] The society had a cultural branch, which established a Kurdish language school for children[22] in Çemberlitas, Constantinople, led by Abdurrahman Bedir Khan.[23] It was closed down in 1909 and reestablished and renamed in 1917 as the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan.[24][25]

The founding members were;

Abdulkadir Ubeydullah[9]

Seyyid Abdulkadir
Şerif Pasha

Şerif Pasha[9]

Emin Ali Bedir Khan.[9]

Emin Ali Bedir Khan

References

  1. Bocheńska, Joanna (2018). Rediscovering Kurdistan’s Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 3319930885.
  2. Klein, Janet (2011). The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. California: Stanford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0804775702.
  3. Maisel, Sebastian (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 1440842574.
  4. Heper, Metin (2007). The state and Kurds in Turkey: the question of assimilation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 54. ISBN 0333646282.
  5. Olson, Robert W. (2008). Imperial Meanderings and Republican By-Ways: Essays on Eighteenth Century Ottoman and Twentieth Century History of Turkey. University of Michigan. p. 136. ISBN 9754280975.
  6. Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). Agha, shaikh, and state: the social and political structures of Kurdistan. University of Michigan. p. 275. ISBN 1856490181.
  7. Zürcher, Erik J. (1997). Turkey: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 177. ISBN 1860642225.
  8. Üngör, Uǧur Ümit (2009). Young Turk Social Engineering: Mass Violence and the Nation State in Eastern Turkey, 1913-1950. University of Amsterdam. p. 91.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kaya, Zeynep N. (2020). Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 1108601685.
  10. Bedr Kahn, Sureya (1995). The Case of Kurdistan Against Turkey. Sara. p. 19.
  11. Lacy Rush & Priestland, Alan & Jane (2001). Records of Iraq, 1914-1966: 1921-1924, Volume 3 of Records of Iraq, 1914-1966. Archive Editions. p. 537. ISBN 1852078200.
  12. O'Ballance, E. (1995). The Kurdish Struggle, 1920-94. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 0230377424.
  13. Manafy, A. (2005). The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis. University Press of America. p. 53. ISBN 0761830030.
  14. Chaliand & Ghassemlou, Gérard & Abdul Rahman (1993). A People without a country: the Kurds and Kurdistan. Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 27. ISBN 1856491935.
  15. Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. p. 27. ISBN 1856491943.
  16. Boris & Gorgas, Boris & Jordi Tejel. Les Kurdes en 100 questions. Tallandier. p. 11. ISBN 9791021033818.
  17. Soheil, Adel (2018). Territory, State and Nationalism: Anglo-Iraqi Policy Toward the Kurdish National Movement, 1918-1932. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 83. ISBN 9177855132.
  18. Oriente moderno, Volume 25. Istituto per l'oriente. 2006. p. 464.
  19. Garabato, M. Carmen Alén (2005). L'éveil des nationalités et les revendications linguistiques en Europe (1830-1930). L'Harmattan. p. 257. ISBN 2296000525.
  20. Bilgin & Sarihan, Fevzi & Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 20. ISBN 0739184032.
  21. Ahmed & Gunter, Mohammed M. A. & Michael M. (2007). The Evolution of Kurdish Nationalism. Mazda Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 1568591942.
  22. White, Paul J. (2000). Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernisers?: The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey. Zed Books. pp. 65, 66. ISBN 1856498212.
  23. Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 270. ISBN 3-89173-029-2.
  24. Hassanpour, Amir (1992). Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985. Mellen Research University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0773498168.
  25. Rostami, Mari R. (2019). Kurdish Nationalism on Stage: Performance, Politics and Resistance in Iraq. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 1788318706.
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