Nasal palatal approximant

The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is .

The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; [j̃] and [w̃] may be called nasal glides.

Features

Features of the nasal palatal approximant:

Occurrence

[j̃], written ny, is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Nheengatu nheẽ [j̃ẽʔẽ] 'to speak' Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ''nh'' sound. Sometimes written with ''ñ''
Hindustani[1]संयम / sanyama[səj̃jəm]'patience'

Allophone of /n/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology

Kaingang[2][j̃ũ]'brave'Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[3]
Lombardbisògn de[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]'need for (something)'

Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology

Louisiana Creole[4][sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃]'bleed'

Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/

Polish[5]państwo[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]'state, country'

Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology

PortugueseBrazilian[6]sonho[ˈsõj̃ʊ]'dream'Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[7][8] See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[9]es[kɐ̃j̃s]'dogs'Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.
Some dialects[7]me ame![ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]'love me!'Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo[10]Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[10]
Spanish Zwolle-Ebarb[11] año [ˈãj̃o] 'year' Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[12] niños [ˈnij̃os] 'kids' Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakha айыы [aȷ̃iː] 'sin, transgression' /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography[13]

See also

Notes

  1. Canepari (2005:335)
  2. Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  3. Jolkesky (2009:681)
  4. Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). "Louisiana Creole". In Susanne Maria Michaelis; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber (eds.). The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
  5. Gussman (2007)
  6. Perini (2002:?)
  7. 1 2 Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  8. Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  9. Vigário (2003:77)
  10. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  11. Stark (1980:170)
  12. Lipski, John M. (1989). "Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
  13. "Yakut language".

References

  • Canepari, Luciano (2005), "Hindi", A Handbook of Pronunciation, Lincom Europa, p. 335
  • Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-926747-7
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
  • Perini, Mário Alberto (2002), Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7
  • Stark, Louisa R. (1980). "Notes on a Dialect of Spanish Spoken in Northern Louisiana". Anthropological Linguistics (in Spanish). 22 (4): 163–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30027771.
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
  • Vigário, Marina (2003), The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese, De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-017713-8

Further reading

  • Shosted; Hualde (2010), (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory volume 315) Romance Linguistics 2009: Selected Papers from the 39th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Tucson, Arizona, March 2009, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 43–61, ISBN 978-90-272-4833-6
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