Cinnyris

Cinnyris
	Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Nectariniidae
Genus:	Cinnyris; Cuvier, 1816
Type species
	Certhia spendida = Certhia coccinigaster; Shaw, 1811
Species
	See text

male Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea)

male Cinnyris sovimanga apolis

Cinnyris is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia. They are generally known as double-collared sunbirds because the fringe of their bib usually includes a band of contrastingly coloured feathers.^[2]

The sunbirds are a group of very small Old World passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

Taxonomy

The genus Cinnyris was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.^[3] The type species was designated as "Certhia splendida Shaw" by George Robert Gray in 1855.^[4] This taxon is a junior synonym of Certhia coccinigaster described by John Latham in 1801. This is now the splendid sunbird.^[5]^[6]^[7] The name Cinnyris is from the Ancient Greek κιννυρις (kinnyris), an unknown small bird mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria.^[8]

It is suspected that the genus is polyphyletic and the positions of many are unresolved:^[9]^[10]

Species

The genus contains 56 species:^[6]

Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
Olive-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris chloropygius	African tropical rainforest.
Tiny sunbird	Cinnyris minullus	African tropical rainforest.
Eastern Miombo sunbird	Cinnyris manoensis	central and eastern Africa
Western Miombo sunbird	Cinnyris gertrudis	western Africa.
Southern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris chalybeus	southern Africa.
Neergaard's sunbird	Cinnyris neergaardi	Mozambique and South Africa
Rwenzori double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris stuhlmanni	south central Africa
Whyte’s double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris whytei	Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania.
Prigogine's double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris prigoginei	Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris ludovicensis	Angola, northern Malawi, and northeastern Zambia
Northern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris reichenowi	Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda
Greater double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris afer	southern South Africa.
Regal sunbird	Cinnyris regius	Uganda to Tanzania
Rockefeller's sunbird	Cinnyris rockefelleri	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Eastern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris mediocris	Kenya and northern Tanzania
Usambara double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris usambaricus	Kenya and northeast Tanzania
Forest double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris fuelleborni	East Africa.
Moreau's sunbird	Cinnyris moreaui	Tanzania
Beautiful sunbird	Cinnyris pulchellus	Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya
Loveridge's sunbird	Cinnyris loveridgei	Tanzania.
Marico sunbird	Cinnyris mariquensis	Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Shelley's sunbird	Cinnyris shelleyi	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Hofmann's sunbird	Cinnyris hofmanni	eastern Tanzania
Congo sunbird	Cinnyris congensis	Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Red-chested sunbird	Cinnyris erythrocercus	Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Black-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris nectarinioides	Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania.
Purple-banded sunbird	Cinnyris bifasciatus	Angola, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Tsavo sunbird	Cinnyris tsavoensis	Kenya and Tanzania.
Violet-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris chalcomelas	Kenya and Somalia.
Pemba sunbird	Cinnyris pembae	Pemba Island, in Tanzania.
Orange-tufted sunbird	Cinnyris bouvieri	Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia.
Palestine sunbird	Cinnyris osea	Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa
Arabian sunbird	Cinnyris hellmayri	Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.
Shining sunbird	Cinnyris habessinicus	Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.
Splendid sunbird	Cinnyris coccinigastrus	tropical Africa.
Johanna's sunbird	Cinnyris johannae	African tropical rainforest.
Superb sunbird	Cinnyris superbus	African tropical rainforest.
Rufous-winged sunbird	Cinnyris rufipennis	Tanzania.
Oustalet's sunbird	Cinnyris oustaleti	Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
White-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris talatala	Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Variable sunbird	Cinnyris venustus	Africa.
Dusky sunbird	Cinnyris fuscus	Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.
Ursula's sunbird	Cinnyris ursulae	Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea
Bates's sunbird	Cinnyris batesi	Central Africa.
Copper sunbird	Cinnyris cupreus	Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
Purple sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus	South and Southeast Asia
Olive-backed sunbird or Garden sunbird	Cinnyris jugularis	The Philippines
Apricot-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris buettikoferi	Indonesia
Flame-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris solaris	Timor
Souimanga sunbird	Cinnyris sovimanga	Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.
Seychelles sunbird	Cinnyris dussumieri	Seychelles
Malagasy green sunbird	Cinnyris notatus	Comoros and Madagascar.
Humblot's sunbird	Cinnyris humbloti	Comoros.
Anjouan sunbird	Cinnyris comorensis	Comoros
Mayotte sunbird	Cinnyris coquerellii	Comoros.
Loten's sunbird	Cinnyris lotenius	India and Sri Lanka.
Wakatobi sunbird	Cinnyris infrenatus	Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia
Ornate sunbird	Cinnyris ornatus	Western Indonesia^[11]
Sahul sunbird	Cinnyris clementiae	Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands
Aurora sunbird	Cinnyris aurora	Busuanga Island, The Philippines

References

↑ "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
↑ Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
↑ Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.
↑ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.
↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.
1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
↑ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
↑ Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID 12967608.
↑ Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86592887.
↑ Marcaigh, Fionn Ó.; Kelly, David J.; o'Connell, Darren P.; Analuddin, Kangkuso; Karya, Adi; McCloughan, Jennifer; Tolan, Ellen; Lawless, Naomi; Marples, Nicola M. (2022). "Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 198: 72–92. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081. hdl:2262/101492.

Other sources

Barlow, Wacher and Disley, Birds of The Gambia ISBN 1-873403-32-1
Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6
Robson, Craig A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand ISBN 1-84330-921-1
Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick (2002). SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-721-6.

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[HM4-1] "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.

[2] Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN 1474-919X.

[3] Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.

[4] Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.

[5] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.

[ioc-6] 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 June 2021.

[7] Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.

[hbwkey-8] Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[9] Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID 12967608.

[10] Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86592887.

[11] Marcaigh, Fionn Ó.; Kelly, David J.; o'Connell, Darren P.; Analuddin, Kangkuso; Karya, Adi; McCloughan, Jennifer; Tolan, Ellen; Lawless, Naomi; Marples, Nicola M. (2022). "Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 198: 72–92. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081. hdl:2262/101492.

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