Boycotts of Israel in sports refer to various disqualifications and denial of Israeli athletes. As part of a more or less systematic boycott of Israel, Israeli athletes and teams have been barred from some competitions. In many international competitions, where Israel does take part, such as the Olympic Games, some Arab and Muslim competitors avoid competing against Israelis.[1] Some countries, most notably Iran, even compel their athletes not to compete against Israelis or in Israel.[2][3]

Contemporary examples

The Israel Football Association was a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) group of FIFA between 1954 and 1974. Because of the Arab League boycott of Israel, several Arab and Muslim states refused to compete against Israel. The political situation culminated in Israel winning the 1958 World Cup qualifying stage for Asia and Africa without playing a single game, forcing FIFA to schedule a playoff between Israel and Wales to ensure the Israeli team did not qualify without playing at least one game (which Wales won). In 1974, Israel was expelled from the AFC group by a resolution initiated by Kuwait, which was adopted by AFC by a vote of 17 to 13 with 6 abstentions.[4] To get around the ban, Israel was admitted as an associated member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in 1992, and was admitted as a full member of the UEFA group in 1994. Supporters of the Boycott Divestment Sanctions (BDS) movement have advocated for Israel to be expelled or suspended from FIFA, without success.[5] On 24 August 2018, the President of the Palestinian Football Association (PFA) Jibril Rajoub was fined CHF 20,000 (US$20,333) and banned from FIFA matches for a year for inciting hatred and violence against an Argentinian team proposing to play a friendly match in Israel.[6]

The 1976 Chess Olympiad was held in the Israeli city of Haifa, which generated controversy, since several countries, such as the Soviet Union and the Arab nations, did not recognize the state of Israel. As FIDE refused to change the venue, the Soviet team boycotted the tournament in protest, as did all Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe and FIDE member Arab nations, which held an alternative Chess Olympiad in the Libyan city of Tripoli.[7][8]

In 2007, Mushir Salem Jawher, a Kenyan-born marathoner, lost his Bahraini citizenship after competing in the Tiberias Marathon in Israel, but later that year reacquired Bahraini citizenship and competed again in the Tiberias Marathon in 2008, 2009 and 2010.

In 2009, there was an increased number of boycotts and boycott campaigns against Israeli athletes over Operation Cast Lead. Israeli tennis star Shahar Peer was denied a visa to participate in a tournament in Dubai, leading to comments from stars like Serena Williams and Andy Roddick that were critical of the Dubai authorities' decision, with Roddick later pulling out of a tournament in Dubai. After a response that included a cable network cancelling its coverage of the event and a large fine for the Dubai Tennis Authorities, the United Arab Emirates did issue a visa for Israeli tennis player Andy Ram to compete that year. Campaigners in New Zealand asked Peer to heed the BDS call and not participate in local NZ tournaments, but Peer publicly dismissed them and the officials welcomed Peer's participation.

Tennis authorities in Malmö, Sweden wanted to cancel a Davis Cup match between Israel and Sweden because of anti-Israel riots and because the city council did not want the Israeli team competing in the city. The tennis authorities were unwilling to accept a Swedish forfeit, which would have eliminated Sweden from the competition, and decided to bar spectators from the match instead (Israel ended up knocking Sweden out of the 2009 tournament with a 3–2 series victory). As a punishment, the city was banned from hosting Davis Cup matches for five years and fined thousands of dollars.[9]

Supporters of the BDS movement also tried and failed to have Israeli teams barred from the 2012 London Olympics and the 2016 Rio Olympics. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Egypt's Islam El Shehaby provoked outrage after refusing to shake hands with Israeli judoka, Or Sasson.[10]

Despite the country's international political issues, a growing number of Arab athletes are joining domestic Israeli sports teams and the international teams, including the Israel national football team. These include Rifaat Turk, Najwan Ghrayib, Walid Badir, Salim Toama, Abbas Suan, amongst others. Another Arab-Israeli, Johar Abu Lashin, born in Nazareth, was an IBO Welterweight champion.

In October 2017, when an Israeli Tal Flicker won gold in an international judo championship in the United Arab Emirates, officials refused to fly the Israeli flag and play the Israeli national anthem, instead playing the official music of the International Judo Federation (IJF) and flying the IJF's logo.[10] The UAE also banned Israeli athletes from wearing their country's symbols on uniforms,[10] having to wear IJF uniforms. Other contestants such as Gili Cohen received similar treatment. In December 2017, seven Israelis were denied visas by Saudi Arabia to compete in an international chess tournament.[11] In October 2018, the UAE reversed its position allowing the Israeli flag be displayed and anthem played when an Israeli judoka Sagi Muki won a gold medal.[12]

On 24 May 2018, a team of international jurists, including Harvard Professor Alan Dershowitz, announced a plan to petition the international Court of Arbitration for Sport against the exclusion of Israel's flag and anthem at sporting events in Arab countries.[13] In July 2018, the International Judo Federation cancelled two grand slam judo events, in Tunis and Abu Dhabi, because Israeli flags were not allowed to be raised.[14] Also in July 2018, the World Chess Federation said it will ban Tunisia from hosting the international chess competition in 2019 if it does not grant a visa to Israeli contestants, including a seven-year-old Israeli girl champion.[15]

In June 2018, Argentina cancelled a planned football friendly against Israel. The game was originally due to be played in Haifa, but was moved to Jerusalem, which is claimed by both Palestine and Israel as capital. Palestinians saw this as politicizing the match, as the stadium it was due to be played in sits on the site of a former Palestinian village. Israeli Minister of Culture Miri Regev denied that the game was being politicised by the move, but was being moved to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Israel. International pressure grew on Argentina to call off the game, led by the BDS campaign and the Palestinian Football Association. Threats were also made against Argentine players. The match was called off, with Argentina giving the reason as security concerns. The BDS campaign and Palestinian FA claimed a victory, with campaign group Avaaz thanking Argentina for their "brave ethical decision". Argentine Striker Gonzalo Higuain said they had "finally done the right thing", while Argentine Foreign Minister Jorge Faurie said he believed his country's footballers "were not willing to play the game", but also compared the threats his country's players received as "exceeding of (those of) ISIS." Israel's Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman responded to the cancellation of the match by calling the BDS campaign "a pack of anti-Semitic terrorist supporters" and claimed that the Argentines couldn't "withstand the pressure of the Israeli-hating inciters". Culture Minister Regev blamed threats on Lionel Messi for the cancellation of the friendly match.[16][17]

On 18 January 2019, Israel called upon the International Paralympic Committee to move the World Para Swimming Championships scheduled for Malaysia in July 2019 because it has refused to let Israelis participate.[18][19] 10 days later, the IPC confirmed that due to Malaysia's actions regarding Israeli visas, the championships would be stripped from Malaysia and moved to another location. The IPC board said Malaysia “failed to provide the necessary guarantees that Israeli Para swimmers could participate, free from discrimination, and safely in the Championships”, including full compliance with the IPC protocols related to anthems and flags.[20]

In March 2019, the Israeli national anthem was played in Qatar after Israeli gymnast Alexander Shatilov won the gold medal for the floor exercise during the 2019 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series.[21] The anthem had previously been played in Abu Dhabi in October 2018, after Israeli judoka Sagi Muki won the gold medal in the Judo Grand Competition.[22]

In August 2019, Iranian judoka Saeid Mollaei refused to withdraw from a match at the 2019 World Judo Championships in Tokyo which would have required, had he won, to compete against an Israeli judoka Sagi Muki in the final. Though he lost, and so did not need to compete against the Israeli, Mollaei feared returning to his country and sought political asylum in Germany.[2] Following the episode, the International Judo Federation (IJF) suspended Iran from competing in any future judo competition.[23] Later on, Egyptian judoka Mohamed Abdelaal refused to shake hands with Israeli Sagi Moki in the same championship.[24] In October 2019, two Iranian teenagers also refused to play Israelis in a chess tournament.[23] On 17 November 2019, the Israeli national anthem was played and Israeli flag flown in Abu Dhabi when 17-year-old Alon Leviev took gold in the junior category at the Ju-jitsu World Championship.[25] In December 2019, Alireza Firouzja, the world's second-highest rated junior chess player, applied to renounce his Iranian citizenship over pressures on Iranian athletes to forego matches with Israeli competitor, the second Iranian sports figure in recent months to do so.[26]

In early November 2019, the BDS movement sought the cancellation of a soccer match between the national teams of Argentina and Uruguay scheduled to be held in Tel Aviv, Israel.[27] The match took place on 19 November.

In November 2020, the International Chess Federation (FIDE) warned the Iranian Chess Federation (ICF) that it could be facing an imminent international ban for its continued refusal to allow Iranian chess players to compete against their Israeli equivalents.[28]

In July 2021, Algerian judo athlete Fethi Nourine withdrew from the 2020 Tokyo Olympics rather than face an Israeli competitor. The International Judo Federation (IJF) temporarily suspending Nourine and his coach.[29]

In March 2023, Indonesia was stripped of hosting rights for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup after opposing Israel's participation in the tournament.[30] The tournament was moved to Argentina, where the Israeli team joined the competition; Indonesia ended up not being in the tournament at all because their national team had not qualified on the field and lost their automatic host nation spot when FIFA pulled the event out of the country.

In August 2023, Iranian weightlifter Mostafa Rajai was banned to compete for life by his federation, after talking to, shaking hands and taking a picture with Israeli Maksim Svirsky during a medal awarding ceremony at the World Masters Championship in Wieliczka, Poland.[31]

Individual sporting boycott

Since the 21st century, Israeli athletes competing in tournaments have faced boycotts by athletes from Muslim countries (primarily Iran), speculated to be the result of political interferences.

Iran

Date Retired athlete's name Israeli athlete's name Sport type Event Official reason for retiring Ref
17 February 2001Hamed MalekmohammadiYoel Razvozovjudo2001 World Judo Championships[32]
22 June 2003Iran national five-a-side soccer teamIsrael national five-a-side soccer teamsoccer2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games[33]
15 August 2004Arash MiresmaeiliEhud Vaksjudo2004 Summer Olympics[34]
4 August 2005Iran U-21 men national basketball teamIsrael U-21 men national basketball teambasketballFIBA Under-21 World ChampionshipVisa issues[35]
28 January 2007Ahmad Ksanfandi (referee)Gal Yekutieljudo2007 Tbilisi judo Open[36]
18 September 2007Mehdi MohammadiIlia Shafranamateur wrestling2007 World Wrestling Championships[37]
10 August 2008Mohammad AlirezaeiTom Be'eriswimming2008 Summer OlympicsIndigestion[38]
28 July 2009Mohammad AlirezaeiMichael Malulswimming2009 World Aquatics Championships[39]
30 September 2009Mohammad Hossein EbrahimiTomer Orfencing2009 World Fencing Championships[40]
1 October 2009Ali FadjaSlava Zingermanfencing2009 World Fencing ChampionshipsRetired from entire competition[40][41]
1 October 2009Mohammad MohazzabniaTomer Hodorovtennis2009 Kenya Futures F1[42]
4 April 2010Iran youth national volleyball teamIsrael youth national volleyball teamvolleyball2010 International Volleyball Tournament Pordenone[43]
10 April 2010Meisam BagheriMoty LugassitaekwondoA-Class Belgian Open 2010[44]
28 April 2010Iran men's national table tennis teamIsrael men's national table tennis teamtable tennis2011 Luxembourg Table Tennis championship[45]
21 May 2010Ali ShahhosseiniMisha Zilbermanbadminton2010 Spanish Open[46]
15 August 2010Mohammad SoleimaniGili Haimovitztaekwondo2010 Summer Youth Olympics[47]
4 November 2010Hamed Sayyad GhanbariMaor Hatoelfencing2010 World Fencing Championships[48]
4 November 2010Mohammad Hossein EbrahimiKobi Hatoelfencing2010 World Fencing Championships[48]
5 November 2010Hamed SedaghatiIdo Herpefencing2010 World Fencing Championships[49]
5 November 2010Sadegh AbediGrigori Beskinfencing2010 World Fencing Championships[49]
24 July 2011Mohammad AlirezaeiGal Nevoswimming2011 World Aquatics ChampionshipsTiredness[50]
20 August 2011Iran men's national volleyball teamIsrael men's national volleyball teamvolleyball2011 Summer Universiade[51]
11 September 2011Ghasem RezaeiRobert Avanesyanamateur wrestling2011 World Wrestling Championships[52]
18 September 2011Javad MahjoubOr SassonjudoWorld Cup Tashkent 2011[53]
10 October 2011Shervin ToloueiOren Bassalfencing2011 World Fencing Championships[54]
5 November 2011Kaveh MehrabiMisha Zilbermanbadminton2011 Puerto Rico International Challenge[55]
21 July 2015Saber Hoshmand/Abbas PourasgariSean Faiga/Ariel Hilmanbeach volleyball2015 FIVB Grand Slam Yokohamainjury[56]
27 January 2017Majid HassaniniaJonathan Gillerkarate21st Open de Paris – Karate Premier League"what is of paramount importance to every Iranian athlete is his/her beliefs plus support for the defenseless Palestinian nation"
25 November 2017Alireza KarimiUri Kalashnikovwrestling2017 World U23 Wrestling ChampionshipLost prior match at instruction of coach.[57]
2 October 2018Hossein VafaeiEden Sharavsnooker2018 European Masters[58]
10 December 2018Hossein VafaeiEden Sharavsnooker2018 Scottish Open[58]
19 April 2019Alireza FirouzjaOr BronsteinchessGRENKE Chess Open[59]
22 March 2022Team IranIce Hockey2022 IIHF Women's World Championship Division III
15 September 2022 Amir Yazdani Josh Finesilver Wrestling 2022 World Wrestling Championships Required by coaches to miss weight, as to not wrestle the Israeli athlete in the first round of competition
26 December 2022Bardiya Daneshvar and Pouya IdaniBoris GelfandchessWorld Rapid Chess Championship 2022[60]

Elsewhere

Date Country origin Retired athlete's name Israeli athlete's name Sport type Event Official reason for retiring Ref
26 July 2001 TunisiaSadok KhalkiArik Zeevijudo2001 World Judo Championships[61]
6 July 2006 IndonesiaIndonesia Fed Cup teamIsrael Fed Cup teamtennis2006 Fed Cup[62]
19 July 2007 KuwaitMohammed al GhareebAmir Weintraubtennis2007 Togliatti challengerStomach problems[63]
15 August 2008 SyriaBayan JumahAnya Gostomelskyswimming2008 Summer Olympics[64]
7 February 2010 KuwaitKuwait men's national pool teamIsrael men's national pool teampool2010 Hanover world team A championshipFood poisoning of 4 players[65]
5 May 2011 AlgeriaZakaria ChenoufAdam Sagirtaekwondo2011 World Taekwondo Championships[66]
1 October 2011 AlgeriaMeriem MoussaShahar LevijudoWorld Cup Women Rome 2011[67]
1 October 2011 AlgeriaRahou AbdelmalekArtem Masliyboxing2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships[67]
18 October 2013 TunisiaMalek JaziriAmir Weintraubtennis2013 Tashkent Challenger[68]
7 August 2016 Saudi ArabiaJoud FahmyChristianne Legentil/Gili Cohenjudo2016 Summer OlympicsSustained injuries to her arm and leg during training; ostensibly dropped out of match with Christianne Legentil of Mauritius to avoid match with Gili Cohen in next round[69]
28 January 2019 KuwaitAbdullah al-AnjariEitan Seri-Levi[70]jiu-jitsu2019 Los Angeles International Jiu-jitsu Open[71]
February 2019 LebanonNacif EliasLi KochmanjudoParis Grand Slam 2019[72]
February 2019 LebanonEzzeddine Farajtaekwondo2019 European Junior Championships[72]
March 2019 LebanonBassam Safadiehtable tennis2019 Table Tennis Mediterranean Championships U-15[72]
25 September 2019 LebanonDomenic AbounaderUri Kalashnikov[72]amateur wrestling2019 World Wrestling Championships[73]
November 2019 JordanMohammed EidAmir Assadkickboxing2019 International Turkish Open Kickboxing European Cup[74]
3 June 2021 JordanOsama Abu JameShmuel Ben Asortable tennis2021 World Para Table Tennis Championships[75]
July 2021 AlgeriaFethi NourineTohar ButbuljudoJudo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 73 kgHe withdrew from the previous round to avoid competing against an Israeli, as he had done before in the 2019 World Judo Championships in Tokyo against Butbul as well[76][77]
 SudanMohamed AbdalarasoolHe weighed in but didn't show up to the match[78]
April 2022 KuwaitMohamed al-FadliFencingWorld Fencing Championships[79]
May 2022 KuwaitBader Al-HajiriChessSunway Chess Tournament[80]
20 July 2022 OmanOman national university futsal teamFutsalFISU World University Championship Futsal[81]
11 August 2022 IraqNasser Mahdi
Mohammad Al-Mahdi		Adam Berdichevsky
Sergei Lysov		Wheelchair tennisOpen Wheelchair Tennis Tournament[82]
18 August 2022 LebanonCharbel Abou DaherYonatan MakMixed martial artsYouth IMMAF World Championships[83]
April 2023 KuwaitMuhammad Al-FadliFencingJunior and Cadet Fencing World Championships[84]
 KuwaitAhmed Awad[84]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Druze-Israeli advances as Iraqi foe refuses to fight". The Jerusalem Post.
  2. 1 2 "Iranian judoka seeks asylum after pressure to avoid facing Israeli". The Jerusalem Post.
  3. ↑ Morse, Ben (2 September 2019). "Iranian judoka fears for safety after refusing to quit World Championships". CNN.
  4. ↑ "Aust-Asian bid fails". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 September 1974. p. 11. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  5. ↑ "Palestinians disappointed but determined after FIFA betrayal". 29 May 2015.
  6. ↑ "FOOTBALL CHIEF BANNED BY FIFA FOR INCITING HATRED".
  7. ↑ "22nd Chess Olympiad: Haifa 1976". Olimpbase. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  8. ↑ ""The Against Chess Olympiad": Tripoli 1976". Olimpbase. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  9. ↑ agencies, Telegraph staff and (2 April 2009). "Sweden punished for Israel Davis Cup lockout" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  10. 1 2 3 Young, Henry. "Israeli wins gold in UAE; officials refuse to play anthem". CNN.
  11. ↑ "Storm brews over Saudi chess tournament". BBC News. 26 December 2017.
  12. ↑ "Hatikvah plays for first time in UAE as Israeli judoka wins gold". The Jerusalem Post.
  13. ↑ "Dershowitz to sue against Israeli flag ban at sports events in Arab state". The Jerusalem Post.
  14. ↑ "Regev gets Israeli flag-less Tunis, Abu Dhabi judo events cancelled". The Jerusalem Post.
  15. ↑ "Tunisia could lose chance to host World Chess meet after banning Israelis". The Jerusalem Post.
  16. ↑ "Argentina scraps Israel World Cup friendly after campaign". BBC. 6 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "Argentine soccer team cancels match in Israel amid death threats against Messi". The Washington Post. 6 June 2018.
  18. ↑ "Israel slams Malaysian decision to bar Paralympic athletes". The Jerusalem Post.
  19. ↑ "Malaysian Prime Minister will not allow Israelis to enter the country". The Jerusalem Post.
  20. ↑ Narunsky, Gareth. "Disqualified!". www.australianjewishnews.com.
  21. ↑ "Shatilov: I had a double celebration". Gymnovosti. 26 March 2019.
  22. ↑ "Israeli national anthem plays in Qatar- watch". The Jerusalem Post.
  23. 1 2 "Iranian teen players refuse to face Israelis at World Chess Championships". The Jerusalem Post.
  24. ↑ "Egyptian judoka refuses to shake hands with Israeli judoka: Israeli Foreign Ministry". Egypt Independent. 29 August 2019.
  25. ↑ "'Hatikvah' played in Abu Dhabi as Israeli takes gold in ju-jitsu tournament". The Times of Israel. 17 November 2019.
  26. ↑ "Chess player 'won't play for Iran' due to ban on Israeli players". The Jerusalem Post.
  27. ↑ "Argentina vs. Uruguay soccer match scheduled for Tel Aviv under BDS attack". The Jerusalem Post. 11 November 2019.
  28. ↑ "Iranian chess team faces ban for refusal to compete against Israelis". The Jerusalem Post.
  29. ↑ Close, David; Barnes, Taylor; Najim, Aqeel. "Algerian Olympian withdraws from Games due to potential matchup with Israeli competitor". CNN.
  30. ↑ "Indonesia stripped of hosting Under-20 World Cup by FIFA". Associated Press. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  31. ↑ "Iran: Weightlifter Mostafa Rajai banned for photo with Israeli". BBC News. 30 August 2023.
  32. ↑ אורי טלשיר 26 July 2011 13:00 עודכן ב: 14:42 הוסף תגובה (26 July 2011). "חוקי החרם: מסורת של החרמות ישראלים בתחרויות בינלאומית – ספורט – הארץ". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 10 November 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ "Sport / Special Olympics". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  34. ↑ הג'ודוקא האיראני: 'פרשתי כהזדהות עם הסבל הפלסטיני' [Iranian judoka: 'I retired in solidarity with suffering Palestinians']. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 14 August 2004. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  35. ↑ Livnat, Arie (4 August 2005). "Basketball / Iran pulls out of U21 tourney to avoid match-up against Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  36. ↑ Maddy, Bruce (29 January 2007). "Iranian official refuses to referee Yekutiel's ..." Jpost.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  37. ↑ Haas, Sa'ar (18 September 2007). היאבקות: האיראני לא עלה לקרב, לשפרן זה לא עזר [Wrestling: Iran did not fight, ...]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  38. ↑ "Mohammad Alirezaei | InTheMoment". Momentmagazine. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  39. ↑ Haas, Sa'ar (28 July 2009). "Iranian swimmer refuses to race Israeli contender at worlds". Ynetnews. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  40. 1 2 Hipsh, Rami (2 October 2009). "Fencing / Iran keeps up Israel boycott, forfeits again". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  41. ↑ "ספורט – ענפים נוספים nrg – ...סייף: עוד איראני בחר לא". Nrg.co.il. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  42. ↑ "ספורט – טניס nrg – ...פוליטיקה גם בטניס: האיראני לא הופיע". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  43. ↑ כדורעף: איראן סירבה לשחק נגד נבחרת הנוער [Volleyball: Iran refused to play against the national youth]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  44. ↑ "בת-אל גטרר ומוטי לוגסי זכו בארד באליפות גרמניה". One.co.il. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  45. ↑ "ספורט – ענפים נוספים nrg – ...טנ"ש: שוב איראן פרשה, ישראל". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  46. ↑ Aharoni, Oren (20 May 2010). בדמינטון: האיראני החרים את הקרב מול הישראלי [Badminton: Iran boycotted the Israeli competition]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  47. ↑ "Political victims at Youth Olympics; more Olympic notes – Brian Cazeneuve". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  48. 1 2 Aharoni, Oren (11 April 2010). חרם איראני כפול באליפות העולם בסיף [Iranian boycott fencing world championship double]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  49. 1 2 Aharoni, Oren (11 May 2010). סייף: האיראנים בשלהם, חטואל וזמלין בשלב הבא. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  50. ↑ Associated, The (26 July 2011). "Swimming World Championships / Iran's team dives into Israel boycott". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  51. ↑ "איראן לא הופיעה למשחק מול ישראל והושעתה". One.co.il. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  52. ↑ "Iranians disqualified for refusing to wrestle Israelis". Iranian.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  53. ↑ "כסף לפלצ'וק באל' אירופה, חרם איראני בטשקנט". One.co.il. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  54. ↑ Aharoni, Oren (10 October 2011). "סיף: איראנים לא הופיעו לקרבות מול ישראלים" [Sabre: Iranians did not appear to compete with Israelis]. Ynet. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  55. ↑ Aharoni, Oren (11 May 2011). פרק נוסף בחרם האיראני: הפעם - בדמינטון [Another chapter in Iranian boycott this time – Badminton]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  56. ↑ "Results/Schedule". FIVB. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "My beliefs precede quest for medal: Iranian karateka". 28 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  58. 1 2 "Hossein Vafaei vs Eden Sharav". snooker.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  59. ↑ "Keymer vs. Carlsen in GRENKE Classic Round 1". 20 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  60. ↑ @chess24com (26 December 2022). "Boris Gelfand will now have 2 forfeit wins in a row, after the Iranian Chess Federation/state continues to put pressure on its players to boycott Israeli opponents" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  61. ↑ ג'ודו: זאבי ניצח באיפון יריב טוניסאי בסיבוב הראשון באליפות העולם. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 26 July 2001. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  62. ↑ "ITF fines Indonesia $31, 600 for canceling match vs. Israel". CBS Sports. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  63. ↑ "טניסאי כוויתי סירב לשחק מול אמיר חדד". One.co.il. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  64. ↑ Schuman, Benjamin (15 August 2008). "More Politics in the Olympic Pool | InTheMoment". Momentmagazine. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  65. ↑ Aharoni, Oren (2 July 2010). פוליטיקה בפול: נבחרת כווית פרשה מאל' העולם. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  66. ↑ "Algerian judoka boycotts Israeli in World Championship". Echorouk Online. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  67. 1 2 Aharoni, Oren (10 January 2011). אחרי איראן, ספורטאים אלג'יראים החרימו ישראלים [After Iran, Israel boycotted by Algerian athletes]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  68. ↑ "ATP investigating Tunisian player's withdrawal". ESPN. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  69. ↑ "Saudi judoka forfeits Rio match, apparently to avoid Israeli". The Times of Israel. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  70. ↑ "Kuwaiti athlete withdraws from competition to avoid playing against Israeli athlete: "I will never carry out normalization with the [Zionist] entity"". Palestinian Media Watch. 30 January 2019.
  71. ↑ "Kuwaiti grappler taps out of tournament rather than face Israeli competitor". alaraby.co.uk. 28 January 2019.
  72. 1 2 3 4 "Ces sportifs libanais qui ont refusé d'affronter des Israéliens depuis le début de l'année 2019". lorientlejour.com. 23 September 2019.
  73. ↑ "Un lutteur libanais qui devait affronter un Israélien se retire des championnats du monde". lorientlejour.com. 21 September 2019.
  74. ↑ "Jordanian kickboxer refuses to compete against Israeli rival". Middle East Monitor. 28 November 2019.
  75. ↑ "A Jordanian player withdraws from an Israeli match in the International Table Tennis Championships for the Handicapped – news agency and comprehensive newspaper". amman.today. 4 June 2021.
  76. ↑ "Algerian Judoka quits Olympics for having to compete against Israeli". The Jerusalem Post. 22 July 2021.
  77. ↑ "Algerian judoka Fethi Nourine suspended and sent home for withdrawing to avoid Israeli". Japan Times. 24 July 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  78. ↑ "Olympics Latest: Japan upsets China in table tennis". ABC News. 26 July 2021.
  79. ↑ "Kuwaitis 'proud of' chess champion for refusing to face Israeli player". Qods News Agency.
  80. ↑ "Kuwaiti chess champion withdraws from confrontation with opponent". 6 May 2022.
  81. ↑ "Oman concludes participation in FISU World University Championship". 20 July 2022.
  82. ↑ "The two Iraqi stars withdraw from Romanian tennis championship, refusing to face Israeli opponent". WAFA Agency.
  83. ↑ "اللبناني شربل أبو ضاهر ينسحب من مواجهة لاعب إسرائيلي". الأخبار.
  84. 1 2
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