Baral Agreement
Context1955 Poonch uprising
Drafted6 December 1956
Signed20 December 1956 (1956-12-20)
LocationBarali, Azad Kashmir
Mediators
  • Government of Azad Kashmir
  • Government of Pakistan
Negotiators
Parties
Depositary
LanguageUrdu

The Baral Agreement was an agreement between the government of Pakistan and rebellious Sudhan tribes signed on 20 December 1956 following an armed rebellion by the tribes against Pakistan's rule of Kashmir.

Background

Following a ceasefire agreement on 1 January 1949, differences began to emerge between the government of Pakistan and President of Azad Kashmir Sardar Ibrahim Khan. Ibrahim Khan wanted no ceasefire until the complete independence of Kashmir, but the rulers of Pakistan signed a ceasefire agreement with India against Ibrahim Khan's will. Further differences arose between Sardar Ibrahim and the Government of Pakistan, eventually leading to the Government of Pakistan suspending Sardar Ibrahim from the Presidency of Azad Kashmir on 21 May 1950.

In response, Ibrahim Khan launched a protest movement, eventually growing into an armed rebellion against the government of Pakistan. Ibrahim Khan's clan was removed from all the police posts in Azad Kashmir, after which Ibrahim Khan declared a government in opposition to the existing government of Azad Kashmir.

Following the uprising, the government of Pakistan conducted a military operation in the region, which was the first in the Pakistan Army's history. As a result of the operation, 600 members of the Sudhan tribe were killed, 2,000 injured and 3,000 arrested in the PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation. More than 500 were injured and abducted, including General M. A. G. Osmani, who were released in exchange of some rebel prisoners in PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation.[1] [2] Ibrahim Khan and the government of Pakistan held talks on 4 April 1952, after which ten Sudhan groups surrendered and made peace with the government of Pakistan, but five Sudhan groups continued fighting. From 1950 to 20 September 1956, Ghazi Sher Dil Khan did not lay down his arms nor agree to any peace.[3]

Agreement

Sidhnuti, The last rebel leader of the Sadhuzai tribes of Baral Valley, Ghazi Sher Dal Khan, along with 2,000 Sadhuzai rebels met with Pakistani government officials Abdul Qayyum Khan and Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani for negotiations on 20 September 1956 in the Baral Valley, after which the rebels surrendered and the agreement was reached in Baral. As part of the agreement, the following conditions were put in place:

  • The Sudhan were to remain loyal to Pakistan.
  • Government of Pakistan was to provide financial support to those whose houses were bombed.
  • The pensions of rebel Sadhuzai soldiers will be restored.

References

  1. ↑ https://books.google.com.sa/books?redir_esc=y&id=ZU9uAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Major+Usman Kashmir's Ordeal--a Revolutionary Way Out Author Lal Khan Page 153 (Arrest of Major Usmani)
  2. ↑ Book Kashmir in Flames: An Untold Story of Kashmirʼs Political Affairs Front Cover S̲anāʼullāh Baṭ Ali Mohammad, (Fate of Ghazi Sher Dil Khan in the Battle of Baral page 63 and page 64) https://books.google.com.sa/books?redir_esc=y&id=J_QLAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+Baral
  3. ↑ https://books.google.com.sa/books?redir_esc=y&id=Zk5uAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Sudhan Book Kashmir Case Author Abdul Qayyum Khan Publisher SA Khan 1992 Original from University of Michigan 3 September 2008
  • Effendi, Col. M. Y. (2007), Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971, Karachi: Oxford University Press, pp. 157–160, ISBN 978-0-19-547203-5
  • II: Revolt and Pacification 4.Early Years and the Sudhan Revolt.</ref>
  • Duschinski, Haley; Bhan, Mona; Robinson, Cabeiri Debergh (June 2023). The Palgrave Handbook of New Directions in Kashmir Studies. Springer. ISBN 9783031285202.
  • https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/land-beyond-the-line/article37249858.ece/amp/ Book Review: Dinkar P. Srivastava's "Forgotten Kashmir: The Other Side of the Line of Control" sheds light on PoK Sudhan revolt The fourth chapter is on the Sudhan Revolt, once again a little-known page of history. Pakistan dismissed Sardar Ibrahim Khan as president of PoK in May 1950 and his tribe, the Sudhan, took to arms. The Pakistani military put down the rebellion.
  • Mahmud, Ershad. "Status of AJK in Political Milieu." Policy Perspectives, vol. 3, Sudhan Rebellion In Azad Kashmir http://www.jstor.org/stable/42922642. Accessed 8 Dec. 2023
  • https://www.academia.edu/43026090/Poonch_Rebellion_ paper cover thumbnail Poonch Rebellion against Pakistan, some facts Second attack of Pakistan on Jammu and Kashmir and its people explained Dr Shabir Choudhry 2018
  • https://www.academia.edu/39233008/An_Analysis_of_Sudhanoti_Revolt_1951-53_by_S.A.Khan An Analysis of Sudhanoti Revolt 1951-53 by S.A.Khan Sardar Aftab Khan
  • Tarikhi Sudhan qabail Author : Muhammad Arif Khan Saddozai Summary : History of the Sudhan tribes of Kashmir https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990071496180203941/catalog
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