Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire.[1][2]

Kings

Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

Aram-Damascus

NameReignNotes
Hezionca. 960
Tabrimmonca. 930son of Hezion
Ben-Hadad Ica. 960son of Tob-Rimmon
Ben-Hadad IIca. 930son of Ben-Hadad I
Ben-Hadad IIIca. 900son of Ben-Hadad II
Hazael895–854usurper
Ben-Hadad III854–842son of Hazael, Aramaic Bir-Hadad, Assyrian Adad-idri
Rezin754–732

Bit-Agusi

NameReignNotes
Gusica. 870Dynasty founder
Hadramca. 860–830son of Gusi (Arame)
Attar-šumki Ica. 830–800 / 805–796son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš
Bar-Hadadca. 800son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear
Attar-šumki II1st half 8th centuryson of Bar-Hadad
Mati-Ilumid 8th centuryson of Attar-šumki II

Bit-Gabbari (Sam'al)

King Bar Rakib on his throne, before him stands a scribe Bit Gabbari
A stele of the Aramean king Bar-Rakib
King Panamuwa standing in front of Mesopotamian deities
NameReignNotes
Gabbarca 920/ca. 900 – 880Dynasty founder
Bamahca. 880–865son of Gabbar
Hayyaca. 865–840son of Bamah
Ša-ilca. 840–830son of Hayya
Kilamuwaca. 830–820brother of Ša-il
Qarlica. 820–790son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY
Panamuwa Ica. 790–750son of Qarli, synonym Panammu
Bar-Surca. 750son of Panamuwa I
Panamuwa IIca. 743[3]–727son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu
Bar-Rakib727[3]–713/711son of Panamuwa II

Kasku

NameReignNotes
Bar-Ga'yamid 8th centuryPossibly an Assyrian high official

Aram-Zobah

NameReignNotes
Hadadezerat the time of Saul and David of Israel

Bit Bahiani

NameReignNotes
Bahianu--
Abisalmu--
Kapara950–875 BCHe built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats

Hamath

NameReignNotes
T'oi--
Hadoram--
Paratas--
Irhuleni853 BCHe led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.[4]
Uratamis--
Zakkur--
Eni-Ilu--
Yaub'di--

Aram-Naharaim

NameReignNotes
Cushan-rishathaim1250 BCHe was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan.

Bit-Zamani

NameReignNotes
Ammi-Ba'al900–879 BCHe was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II.
Bur-Ramman879–866Successor of Ammi-Ba'al
Ilan879–866 BCSuccessor and brother of Bur-Ramman

Bit-Adini

NameReignNotes
Adin(i)883–876 BCHe was the first king of Bit-Adini[5]
Akhuni Bar-Adin876–858 BCSuccessor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II[5]

Palmyrene Empire

NameReignNotes
Odaenathus260–267Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I263–267Made co-King of Kings by his father.[6]
Maeonius267–267No evidence exist for his reign,[7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus267–272Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[8] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[9]
Zenobia267–272Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[9]
Septimius Antiochus273–273Possibly a son of Zenobia.

See also

References

  1. Lipiński 2000.
  2. Younger 2016.
  3. 1 2 Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  4. Luis Robert Siddall, The Reign of Adad-nīrārī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times. BRILL, 2013 ISBN 9004256148 p.37
  5. 1 2 "Kingdoms of Syria – Bit Adini".
  6. Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
  7. George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. Noyes Press. p. 163.
  8. Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
  9. 1 2 Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.

Sources

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