West Bomberai
Bomberai–Timor
Geographic
distribution		West New Guinea, East Timor
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
Subdivisions
Glottologwest2604  (mainland West Bomberai)
timo1261  (Timor–Alor–Pantar)
Map: The West Bomberai languages of New Guinea
  The West Bomberai languages
  Other Trans–New Guinea languages
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Uninhabited

The West Bomberai languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea and in East Timor and neighboring islands of Indonesia.

Languages

Two of the languages of the mainland, Baham and Iha, are closely related to each other; the third is distant, forming a third branch of the family along with the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages:[1]

Ross (2005) classified Timor–Alor–Pantar with the mainland West Bomberai languages, although this connection is not universally accepted. Usher found that the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages resides within the West Bomberai languages, and is not just their closest relative. This suggests that Timor–Alor–Pantar may have been the result of a relatively recent migration from New Guinea, perhaps arriving in the Timor area shortly before the Austronesian languages did.

Classification

Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the West Bomberai languages, the two groups forming a branch within West Trans–New Guinea. Based on a careful examination of new lexical data, Holton & Robinson (2014) find little evidence to support a connection between TAP and TNG.[2] However, Holton & Robinson (2017) concede that a relationship with Trans-New Guinea and West Bomberai in particular is the most likely hypothesis, though they prefer to leave it unclassified for now.[3] Usher (2020) finds that the two mainland branches of the family are no closer to each other than they are to the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages, and has begun to reconstruct the West Bomberai protolanguage.[1]

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as:[1]

*p*t[*ts]*k*kʷ
*mb*nd[*ndz]*ŋɡ*ŋɡʷ
*m*n
*s
*w*l, *r*j

Prenasalized plosives do not occur initially, having merged with the voiceless plosives.

The vowels are *i *u *e *o *a *ɒ and the diphthong *ai.

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the free pronouns as:[1]

sgpl
1excl *[a/o]n*in
1incl *pi (?)
2 *k[a/o]*ki

Cognates

Protoforms of the 40 most-stable items[4] in the Swadesh list include the following.[1]

Proto–West Bomberaigloss
*am[i/u]nlouse
*kirawater
*kʷaliear
*k[i/u]m[i/u]die
*[a/o]nI
*kinaeye
*tanahand/arm
*nainame
*warstone
*amibreast
*k[a/o]you
*[ja]ŋgalpath
 ?tongue (*maŋg[a] voice/speech)
*aŋginbody/skin
*kajarain
*waikblood
*ukʷan[i]one
*macome
*tVmbermountain
*ni-we
*na[wa]eat/drink
*kena[t]see
*kʷel[e]skin/bark
*jambardog

Lexical comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975),[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]

glossBahamIha
head kendo-wamekanda
hair tawekandaːtən
eye ki-epkendep
tooth sin-tapmihin-tap
leg kueitkowk
louse minmən
dog yambarmbiar
pig kundurndur
bird paru-baruje
egg unwund
blood wiekwek
bone ntoxartogar
skin pakŋein
tree ado-kwiriaadoːp
man namianemeːr
sun kaminikimina
water kiryakra
fire yamburtoom
stone warwar
name niene
eat nowanəw-
one ogonokwo
two -rik(he)rik

The following lexical data comparing West Bomberai with other languages of the Bomberai Peninsula and Geelvink Bay is from the Trans-New Guinea database[7] and Usher (2020),[8] unless noted otherwise.

Body parts
familylanguageheadhaireareyenosetoothtonguelegbloodboneskinbreast
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna*iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun*ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d)*g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV*mundu; *mutu*magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi*balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e*kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu*ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa*kondaC; *kwata(l,n)*gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu*amu
West Bomberai Proto-Mbahaam-Iha[8] *kaˈnda*kʷⁱɛr*wⁱɛk*ˈtɔkar*pak*sɔn
Mor Mor idurasanananasonabanawabminawetengina
Tanah Merah Tanahmerah breŋka; kidasonisa; nuaka-bita; ndoueti; kionikiwi; otokinatera; sanaso; oroele; katane
Mairasi Proto-Etna Bay[8] *-suɾu*ɸiɾa*mbiatu*-mbi*-ɾasi*-saɸia*-koɾa*iseɾe*tuɾa*(na)-kia*joku
Keuw Keuw[9] kpúunttéemémlúulklókəә̀nméeáalìkpíintyénsmpáakəә́ttúulí
East Cenderawasih Bay Bauzi dauha; ohulaohutadogoifako; faxoɔmtɔmõisonaba:; naovasɛa; veisofa; ovehasogoba; sɔkɔbaahudɛ
East Cenderawasih Bay Tunggare ʔohahaohitaʔihanuamounalnahaveihaisaʔa
Burmeso Burmeso agumihirojenarararurojagosarhiurapasi memiro
Abinomn Abinomn[8] dəm[amir][ir]seide[is]ame
Nature
familylanguagelousedogpigbirdeggtreesunmoonwaterfirestonepath
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *niman*n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem*maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka*ida; *inda ~ *iñja*kamali; *kamuli; *ketana*kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V]*nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V]*inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p*kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna
West Bomberai Proto-Mbahaam-Iha *mɛⁱn*jaˈmbar*[ku]ˈndur*wun*wiˈra*kaˈminV*kaˈpas*kiˈra*war
Mor Mor twoaafunabiaisautretawarasebaseatahapuata
Tanah Merah Tanahmerah ia; miŋibe; yokuopo; taynaawə; finanaburudoŋ; noo; ono; tayasoniŋ; wetibu; modaavonabe; siŋkenade; oru
Mairasi Proto-Etna Bay *kumai*ansi*[ɸ]embe*sai*ete*tende*aŋgane*ɸat[e]*iɸoɾo*jaɸutu*kae
Keuw Keuw kómúulpáupǝnbléemíkúdtandəndyúutǝnyélnúuptóotíngkéempúkə
East Cenderawasih Bay Bauzi vɔa; vwavɛm; vemedoho; dɔhɔbume; bumɛʔo; ɔɔutoala; ala(meoho)alavalo; vaɔüwa; vuakɛ; khe
East Cenderawasih Bay Tunggare ʔuawemedohodinarateʔoʔouto-meaumanaurehehahia
Burmeso Burmeso hatijamosibotohodokohũphamanmisiavobauhorako
Abinomn Abinomn dʒensərewərsərmənworjewon
Miscellaneous
familylanguagemanwomannameeatonetwo
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *abV; *ambi*panV; *pan(V)*ibi; *imbi; *wani*na; *na-*ta(l,t)(a,e)
West Bomberai Proto-Mbahaam-Iha *nami-sar*t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r*nⁱɛ*nawa*ɔkʷɔ[nɔ]
Mor Mor hiamiainagenenamasmorenadukin
Tanah Merah Tanahmerah do; maopanigia; wadoanine; tauebesika; nadumabi; wanitabo
Mairasi Proto-Etna Bay *koɸo*eɸei*u[w]ata*tana-(kau)*amoi
Keuw Keuw méeliúunnúubíisìppáid
East Cenderawasih Bay Bauzi dataɛ; eleæ; udeʔavæmtɛa; vamtiabeasu; bɛhæsu
East Cenderawasih Bay Tunggare dateʔeghayoduaʔaamaite
Burmeso Burmeso tamoahaubomoneisanosor
Abinomn Abinomn

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 New Guinea World, West Bomberai
  2. ↑ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2014), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 155–198, doi:10.17169/langsci.b22.48
  3. ↑ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2017), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology Second Edition, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 147–190, doi:10.5281/zenodo.437098
  4. ↑ Holman, Eric W., Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Viveka Velupillai, André Müller, Dik Bakker (2008). "Explorations in Automated Language Classification". Folia Linguistica, Vol. 42, no. 2, 331–354
  5. ↑ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
  6. ↑ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  7. ↑ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  9. ↑ Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
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