Thailand is a unitary state, which means the territories are separated into central co-dependencies, with the central government deciding everything for the provinces.[1] The kingdom is separated into multiple levels including regions, provinces, and many more. Though, formally, Thailand is separated into three levels: provinces, districts, and sub-districts, there are also informal divisions such as parimonthon, and phak.[2] Furthermore, there are administrative divisions of the same level with different names such as the first-level divisions of the province and the special administrative region.

The governance is separated into two branches, regular and municipal administration.[3] The regular administration is governed by the central government directly, with the municipal administration being given more autonomy by the central government, though still heavily restricted due to the over centralization of the Thai administrative system. This system arose during Rama V's reign where the governing system of the Kingdom of Siam was changing rapidly due to westernization.[4]

Provincial administrative divisions

Provinces

Chulalongkorn, Father of Modern Thailand

Changwat (Thai: จังหวัด) or provinces is the first level of administration, the highest level, of Thailand. Thailand is separated into 76 provinces, though commonly mistaken as 77 provinces due to Bangkok's former status as a province itself. This is the highest level of administrative division within the kingdom. Each of the provinces are led by governor. The changwat is responsible for implementing state policy and enforcing laws.[5]

Governance

The provinces are governed by a governor appointed by the central government. Specifically, the Ministry of the Interior is a part of the Bangkok Government. The norm for naming the provinces is using the provincial capital as the name, which is why they are called namesake cities. A notable difference from history was during the post-Franco-Siamese War period when there was a DMZ around the border which falls on the Mekong river. During this time, there was a province called Nong Khai but the capital was in Ban Makkhaeng. A province is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. The provinces are named after their namesake cities, a cities which were the "capital" at the time of its founding. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.

History

Ayutthaya Kingdom

Most provinces date back to the time of subservient city-states, chiefdoms, and even vassal kingdoms. The polity was called muangs, not to be confused with modern muangs which means cities, which had their own satellite muangs. [6]Traditionally ruled by a local ruling family, these muangs had a high level of autonomy. The highest king of these muangs, phaya or khun luang,[7] though the titles changes over history, ruled these muangs through a system of tributes. The king did not have much control over these muangs which lead to uprisings and rebellions. During the war, these muangs often switched sides which leads to the downfall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

The provinces were separated into two classes and four different levels.[8]

Ayutthaya's Administration Division
Levels First Second Third Forth
Central Wiang (เวียง) Wang (วัง) Khlang (คลัง) Na (นา)
Vassal Muang Luk Luang (เมืองลูกหลวง) Inner Hua Muang (หัวเมืองชั้นใน) Outer Hua Muang (หัวเมืองชั้นนอก) Muang Prathetsarat (เมืองประเทศราช)
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Administrative divisions during the Rattanakosin Kingdom

During this era, nothing changed much at the beginning. But when the western colonial powers started to eye the region, The Siamese government took to reform their administrative division into a form that much resembles the modern structure. In 1882, much of the current political geography of Siam had changed drastically. Rama V, who had been ramping up the reformation of Siam, had devised a plan to divide Siam into several levels of administration. During this era, the province wasn't the highest level of division. This falls to the monthon and the vassal kingdoms. At the time, Siam was a minor power, controlling several minor kingdoms on their frontiers with the major colonial powers. By, 1892, much of the divisions had already been formed, though this is far from modern Thailand's divisional structure, and by 1900 most of the territory gained during the rule of Rama III were lost to France and Britain.[9]

In 1908, a new division called boriwen was introduced, though later abolished due to its overlapping duties with other local governments, and the bureaucratic costs to maintain the divisions.[10]

In 1932, there were major reforms all over the kingdom, monthon was abolished, provinces merged, and several other divisions dissolved into higher divisions to cut costs. The former provinces that were lost are merged into other provinces or ceded to western powers.

During the 20th century, a massive reform occurred gradually over the century, which saw the formation of several provinces through partitions. The newest province is Bueng Kan which split from Nong Khai on 23 March 2011.[11]

Former Provinces of Thailand

The former of provinces are administrative divisions which were either ceded, partitioned, or merged with the neighbouring territories. Over the course of history, the definition of provinces may change, thus the provinces listed under here are definitive provinces, or provinces which are created according to decrees. Furthermore, the list also includes provinces which were created during the mandala system era. These mandala provinces are defined as cities which controlled the surrounding cities, which in itself has subservient townships and villages. Examples of definite province include the province of Minburi,[12] which was created through a decree passed by Rama V. Examples of mandala provinces include the province of Nakhon Ratchasima. Though Nakhon Ratchasima may be classified as a definite province these days, back in the days of King Rama I, Nakhon Ratchasima was the very definition of a mandala province. For example, the city of Nakhon Ratchasima oversaw the city of Si Phum, which inturn oversaw the city of Kalasin, which inturn oversaw the neighbouring townships and villages' affairs. [13]What is not listed here are muang prathetsarat. These polities are not provinces by any definition, but are vassal states. Though, some may be in the grey area, by which treads the line between full provincialship and vassalage. For example, the Principality of Thoen.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Core Provinces

Provinces

(Thai Name)

Original Names

or Native Names

Made Province in Fate Today Part of
Bang Lamung

บางละมุง

บ้านนาเกลือ

Ban Na Kleua

before 1770s merged with Bang Pla Soi Chonburi  Thailand
Bang Pla Soi บางปลาสร้อย before 1770s merged with Bang Lamung and Phanat Nikhom to form Chonburi Chonburi  Thailand
Chaibadan ชัยบาดาล before 1770s merged into Wichianburi Phetchabun  Thailand
Chiaya

ไชยา

ครหิ

Khri

1820s merged into Kanchanadit Surat Thani  Thailand
Inburi อินทร์บุรี before 1770s merged into Singburi Singburi  Thailand
Kabinburi

กะบิ่นบุรี (กระบินทร์บุรี)

ด่านหนุมาน

Dan Nu Man

1901 merged with Prachinburi Prachinburi and Sa Kaeo  Thailand
Khirirat Nikhom

คีรีรัฐนิคม

ท่าขนอน

Tha Khanon

1820s merged into Kanchanadit Surat Thani  Thailand
Kraburi

กระบุรี

ตระ

Tra

1870s merged into Ranong Ranong  Thailand
Lang Suan

หลังสวน

คลังสวน

Klang Suan

1870s merged into Chumphon Chumphon  Thailand
Lom Sak

หล่มสัก

วัดป่า

Wat Pa

1767 partitioned between Phetchabun and Loei Phetchabun and Loei  Thailand
Manorom มโนรมย์ before 1770s merged into Chai Nat Chai Nat  Thailand
Min Buri

มีนบุรี

ท้องนากว้างใหญ่

Thongna Kwangyai

1901 merged into Phra Nakhon Bangkok  Thailand
Nakhon Chai Si นครชัยศรี 1570s capital moved to Nakhon Pathom Nakhon Pathom  Thailand
Nakhon Khuan Khan นครเขื่อนขันธ์ 1819 renamed Phra Pradaeng Bangkok and Samut Prakan  Thailand
Phanat Nikhom

พนัสนิคม

พระรถ

Phra Rot

before 1770s merged with Bang Pla Soi Chonburi  Thailand
Phanom Sarakham

พนมสารคาม

ดงยาง

Dong Yang

before 1770s merged into Chachoengsao Chachoengsao  Thailand
Phayu Ha Khiri

พยุหะคีรี

บ้านพยุแดน

Ban Phayu Daen

before 1770s merged into Nakhon Sawan Nakhon Sawan  Thailand
Phichai พิชัย before 1770s capital moved to Uttaradit Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, and Loei  Thailand, Sainyaburi and Vientiane  Laos
Phra Nakhon

พระนคร

บางกอก

Bang Kok

1782 merged with Thonburi to form Bangkok Bangkok  Thailand
Phromburi

พรหมบุรี

พรหมนคร

Phrom Nakhon

before 1770s merged into Singburi Singburi  Thailand
Pra Pradaeng

พระประแดง

นครเขื่อนขันธ์

Nakhon Kheuan Khan

1915 merged with Samut Prakan, partitioned from Pra Nakhon and Samut Prakan,

merged between Samut Prakan and Thonburi

Samut Prakan and Bangkok  Thailand
Sangkhaburi

สรรคบุรี

ไตรตรึงส์

Trai Treung

before 1770s merged into Chai Nat Chai Nat  Thailand
Sawankhalok สวรรคโลก 1894 merge with Sukhothai to form Sawankhalok, later changing the name to Sukhothai Sukhothai  Thailand
Si Thep

ศรีเทพ

อภัยสาลี

Aphai Sali

before 1770s capital moved to Wichianburi Phetchabun  Thailand
Takua Pa

ตะกั่วป่า

ตะโกลา

Taloka

1870s merged into Pang Nga Pang Nga  Thailand
Takua Thung

ตะกั่วทุ่ง

กราภูงา

Kra Phunga

1820s merged into Pang Nga Pang Nga  Thailand
Thalang ถลาง 1820s destroyed during the Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812) Phuket  Thailand
Thanyaburi

ธัญบุรี

รังสิต

Rangsit

1901 merged into Pathum Thani Pathum Thani  Thailand
Thonburi Si Mahasamut

ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร

บางกอก

Bang Kok

1767 merged with Phra Nakhon to form Bangkok Bangkok  Thailand
Wichianburi

วิเชียรบุรี

ท่าโรง

Tha Rong

1830s merged into Phetchabun Phetchabun  Thailand

Lanna Frontier

Provinces

(Thai Name)

Native Names

(Local/Original Names)

Made Province in Fate Today Part of
Chiang Khaeng

เชียงแขง

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းၸဵင်

Weng Keng Cheng

1892 partitioned between France and Britain Shan State  Myanmar, Luang Namtha and Bokeo  Laos
Saharat Thai Doem สหรัฐไทยเดิม 1943 ceded to Britain Shan State  Myanmar
Uthai (Lan Chang)

อุทัย (ล้านช้าง)

ປາກລາຍ

Paklay

1940 ceded to France Sainyabuli and Luang Prabang  Laos

Lan Chang Frontier

Provinces

(Thai Name)

Native Names

(Local/Original Names)

Made Province in Fate Today Part of
Attapue

อัตตะปือ

ອັດກະປື

Atkapu

1778 ceded to France Attapeu  Laos, Kon Tum and Gia Lai  Vietnam
Borikhan Nikhom

บริคัณฑ์นิคม

ປະຊຸມພະນາລັຍ

Paxoumphanalai

1830 ceded to France Bolikhamxai  Laos
Chaiburi

ไชยบุรี

ປາກນ້ຳສົງຄາມ

Paknam Songkham

1830 merged with Nong Khai Bueng Kan  Thailand
Chiang Khouang

เชียงขวาง

ພວນ

Phouan

1828 ceded to France Xiangkhouang  Laos
Chonnabot

ชนบท

ຫນອງແກ້ວ Nongkeo

(ບຶງແກ້ວ) (Bungkeo)

1792 partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen  Thailand
Det Udom

เดชอุดม

ປາກໂດມ Pakdom

(ໂດມໃຫຍ່) (Domnyai)

1845 merged into Sisaket Ubon Ratchathani  Thailand
Kamalasai

กมลาสัย

ສະປົວດົງມະຂາມເກົ່າ

Sapouadongmakhamkao

1840 partitioned between Kalasin and Roi Et Kalasin and Roi Et  Thailand
Kham Kert

คำเกิด

ຄຳເກີດ

Khamkeut

1839 ceded to France Khammouane  Laos
Kham Muan

คำม่วน

ຄຳມ່ວນ

Khammouan

1839 ceded to France Khammouane  Laos
Kham Thong Luang

คำทองหลวง

ແກ້ງອາເຣີມ

Kengareum

1828 ceded to France Stung Teng  Cambodia
Khemmarat

เขมราฐ

(เขมราฐธานี)

ໂຄກກົ່ງດົງພະນຽງ

Khokkongdongphaniang

1814 partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Ubon Ratchathani Ubon Ratchathani and Yasothon  Thailand, Savannakhet  Laos
Khon San

คอนสาร

ຄອນສານ

Khonsan

1787 partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen  Thailand
Khukhan

ขุขันธ์ (คุขันธ์)

ປາສາດສີ່ຫຼ່ຽມ

Pasat Siliam

1759 partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Sisaket Ubon Ratchathani and Sisaket  Thailand, Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear  Cambodia
Nakhon Champassak

นครจัมปาศักดิ์

ເມືອງຄັນເດີງ

Muang Khandeung

1941 concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation,

passing the French veto.

Preah Vihear and Stung Teng  Cambodia, Champasak  Laos
Nang Rong

นางรอง

ນະຮອງ

Nahong

1820s merged into Buriram Buriram  Thailand
Nong

นอง

ນອງ

Nong

1825 merged with Mukdahan Savannakhet  Laos
Nong Han

หนองหาร

(หนองละหาร)

ຫນອງຫານນ້ອຍ

Nonghannoy

1787 merged with Nong Khai Nong Khai  Thailand
Phon Phisai

โพนพิสัย

ໂພນແພງ

Phonpheng

1830 merged with Nong Khai Nong Khai and Bueng Kan  Thailand
Phu Khiao ภูเขียว 1810s merged into Chaiyaphum Chaiyaphum  Thailand
Phu Len Chang

ภูแล่นช้าง

ພູແດນຊ້າງ

Phoudenxang

1840 merged into Kalasin Kalasin  Thailand
Phutthaisong

พุทไธสง

ຫມາກເຟືອງຫົວແຮດ

Makfuang Houahet

1820s merged into Buriram Buriram  Thailand
Pra Khon Chai

ประโคนชัย

(ตะลุง)

ຕະລຸມດອ

Taloumdo

1820s merged into Buriram Buriram  Thailand
Rattanaburi

รัตนบุรี

เมืองศรีนครเตา

Muang Si Nakhon Tao

1820s merged into Buriram Surin  Thailand
Salawan

สาละวัน

ເມືອງມັ່ນ

Muangman

1828 ceded to France Salavan and Sekong  Laos
Sangkha

สังขะ (สังฆะ)

ໂຄກອັຈຈະ

Khokachcha

1759 partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Surin Surin  Thailand, Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap  Cambodia
Suwannaphum

สุวรรณภูมิ

ສີພູມ

Siphum

1772 partitioned between Maha Sarakham and Roi Et Maha Sarakham and Roi Et  Thailand
Tha Uthen

ท่าอุเทน

ທ່າບຶງອຸ

Thabungou

1830 merged with Nakhon Phanom Nakhon Phanom  Thailand
Wang

วัง

ວັງ

Vang

1830 merged with Mukdahan Savannakhet  Laos

Khmer Frontier

Provinces

(Thai Name)

Native Names

(Local/Original Names)

Made Province in Fate Today Part of
Chiang Taeng

เชียงแตง

ស្ទឹងត្រែង

Stoengtrang

1784 ceded to France Kratié, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, and Mondulkiri  Cambodia, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông and Gia Lai  Vietnam
Khlung ขลุง 1820s partitioned between Chanthaburi and Trat Chanthaburi and Trat  Thailand
Phanom Sok

พนมสก

ភ្នំស្រុក

Phnomsrok

1835 ceded to France Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Oddar Meanchey  Cambodia
Phibunsongkhram พิบูลสงคราม 1941 concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation,

passing the French veto.

Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Preah Vihear  Cambodia
Phra Tabong

พระตะบอง

បាត់ដំបង

Badthumbang

1795 ceded to France Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Pailin, and Battambang  Cambodia
Phra Tabong

พระตะบอง

បាត់ដំបង

Badthumbang

1941 concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation,

passing the French veto.

Battambang  Cambodia
Prachan Khiri Khet

ประจันตคีรีเขตร

ខេមរភូមិន្ទ

Khemaraphoumin

1855 partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Trat Koh Kong  Cambodia
Saen Pang

แสนปาง

សៀមប៉ាង

Siempang

1798 ceded to France Kratié, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, and Mondulkiri  Cambodia
Siemmarat

เสียมราฐ

សៀមរាប

Siemreab

1835 ceded to France Siem Reap  Cambodia
Sisophon

ศรีโสภณ

សិរីសោភ័ណ

Serisaophoan

1835 ceded to France Banteay Meanchey  Cambodia
Sitandon

สี่ตันดอน

ເມືອງໂຂງ

Muang Khong

1828 ceded to France Stung Teng  Cambodia

Malay Frontier

Provinces

(Thai Name)

Native Names

(Local/Original Names)

Made Province in Fate Today Part of
Kalantan

กลันตัน

Klate 1900 partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged with Narathiwat,

regained and ceded to Britain again

Narathiwat  Thailand, Kelantan  Malaysia
Nong Chik

หนองจิก

Tujong

(Tawar/Nuachi)

1900 merged into Pattani Pattani  Thailand
Palien

ปะเหลียน

Palanda

(Tanjong Sala)

1900 merged into Kantang Trang  Thailand
Palit

ปะลิส

Perlis 1900 ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again Perlis  Malaysia
Ra'Ngae

ระแงะ

Tanjong Mas 1900 partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Narathiwat Narathiwat  Thailand, Kelantan  Malaysia
Raman

รามัน

Reman 1900 partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Yala Yala  Thailand, Perak  Malaysia
Sai Buri

สายบุรี

Selindungbayu-Semalanbulan-Matanduwah 1900 partitioned between Pattani and Narathiwat Chumphon  Thailand
Syburi

ไทรบุรี

Kedah 1900 ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again Kedah  Malaysia
Trangkanu

ตรังกานู

Tranung 1900 ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again Terengganu  Malaysia
Yaring

ยะหริ่ง

Jaring 1900 merged into Pattani Pattani  Thailand
  • these provinces were formed in different periods but lost during 19th and 20th century

Current Provinces

Seal Name[20] จังหวัด Made Province in
 Amnat Charoen อำนาจเจริญ
 Ang Thong อ่างทอง
 Bangkok (special administrative area) กรุงเทพมหานคร
 Bueng Kan บึงกาฬ
 Buriram บุรีรัมย์ 1775
 Chachoengsao ฉะเชิงเทรา
 Chai Nat ชัยนาท
 Chaiyaphum ชัยภูมิ
 Chanthaburi จันทบุรี
 Chiang Mai เชียงใหม่
 Chiang Rai เชียงราย
 Chonburi ชลบุรี
 Chumphon ชุมพร
 Kalasin กาฬสินธุ์ 1791
 Kamphaeng Phet กำแพงเพชร
 Kanchanaburi กาญจนบุรี
 Khon Kaen ขอนแก่น 1797
 Krabi กระบี่
 Lampang ลำปาง
 Lamphun ลำพูน
 Loei เลย
 Lopburi ลพบุรี
 Mae Hong Son แม่ฮ่องสอน
 Maha Sarakham มหาสารคาม 1865
 Mukdahan มุกดาหาร 1770
 Nakhon Nayok นครนายก
 Nakhon Pathom นครปฐม
 Nakhon Phanom นครพนม 1796
 Nakhon Ratchasima นครราชสีมา 1768
 Nakhon Sawan นครสวรรค์
 Nakhon Si Thammarat นครศรีธรรมราช
 Nan น่าน
 Narathiwat นราธิวาส
 Nong Bua Lamphu หนองบัวลำภู
 Nong Khai หนองคาย 1827
 Nonthaburi นนทบุรี
 Pathum Thani ปทุมธานี
 Pattani ปัตตานี
 Phang Nga พังงา
 Phatthalung พัทลุง
 Phayao พะเยา
 Phetchabun เพชรบูรณ์
 Phetchaburi เพชรบุรี
 Phichit พิจิตร
 Phitsanulok พิษณุโลก
 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya แพร่
 Phrae พระนครศรีอยุธยา
 Phuket ภูเก็ต
 Prachinburi ปราจีนบุรี
 Prachuap Khiri Khan ประจวบคีรีขันธ์
 Ranong ระนอง
 Ratchaburi ราชบุรี
 Rayong ระยอง
 Roi Et ร้อยเอ็ด 1775
 Sa Kaeo สระแก้ว
 Sakon Nakhon สกลนคร

(สกลนครทวาป๊)

1826
 Samut Prakan สมุทรปราการ
 Samut Sakhon สมุทรสาคร
 Samut Songkhram สมุทรสงคราม
 Saraburi สระบุรี
 Satun สตูล
 Sing Buri สิงห์บุรี
 Sisaket ศรีสะเกษ 1782
 Songkhla สงขลา
 Sukhothai สุโขทัย
 Suphan Buri สุพรรณบุรี
 Surat Thani สุราษฎร์ธานี
 Surin สุรินทร์ 1759
 Tak ตาก
Thonburi ธนบุรี
 Trang ตรัง
 Trat ตราด
 Ubon Ratchathani อุบลราชธานี

(อุบลราชธานีศรีวนาลัย)

1791
 Udon Thani อุดรธานี
 Uthai Thani อุทัยธานี
 Uttaradit อุตรดิตถ์
 Yala ยะลา
 Yasothon ยโสธร

(ยศสุนทร)

1814
Total ยอดรวม

Amphoe (Districts)

Kanchanadit District Office

Amphoe (Thai: อำเภอ) or districts are the second level of administration. There are 878 amphoe throughout Thailand. They are led by a Nai Amphoe (Thai: นายอำเภอ) or district chief who is appointed by the central government. These districts vary greatly in size and population. Amphoe mueang )Thai: อำเภอเมือง) are a term for amphoe that serve as or contain the capital of the province. Within these amphoe, there is either a thesaban nakhon or a thesaban mueang. Amphoe are responsible for general administrative work, clerical work and archives, and the public relations operations of the district. Furthermore, they are responsible for operations related to receptions, ceremonies, government ceremonies, religious ceremonies and various traditional events, operations of the Thai Red Cross Society and other charitable activities.[21]

History

Amphoe originated from the RS115(1896) bill named Local Governing Regulations R.E. 115.[22] At this time, the method for determining the area of an amphoe was to assign 10,000 citizens to a district.

Previously, another administrative division called king amphoe (Thai: กิ่งอำเภอ) or minor districts was in use. These were set up when a district was too large and became inconvenient to govern. In practice, these districts were effectively identical to normal amphoe. A king amphoe could have been promoted to an amphoe proper if it met sufficient requirements regarding infrastructure and population. The opposite was also possible, where an amphoe lost influence and was further downgraded into a king amphoe. In 2007, all king amphoe were upgraded to amphoe proper in order to streamline governance. There were 81 king amphoe in 2007 at the time.

Tambon (sub-districts)

Tambon Near Tambon Palien

Tambon (Thai: ตำบล) or sub-districts are the third-level of administration. There are 7,255 tambon in Thailand. Tambon are responsible for the economic, societal, and cultural development of the area, organizing public services for the benefit of the people of their own locality.[23] In addition, under the 2001-2006 Thaksin Shinawatra government, the OTOP (One Tambon One Product) program was launched, aiming to promote and recognize unique traditions, cultures, and products from every tambon.[24]

History

Tambon were previously the second-level of administration before the establishment of amphoe. They were previously governed by a provincial capital who appointed a kamnan or phan as its leader. In 1892, they were downgraded into the third-level of administration.

Muban (villages)

Muban (Thai: หมู่บ้าน) or Villages are the fourth-level of administration in Thailand. There are 74,944 muban[25] in Thailand. A muban is led by a phuyaiban (Thai: ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน), who is chosen through local elections. All elected phuyaiban must be approved by the central government. Once in office, they can serve for a 5-year term with no limits on re-election. In cities, the term chumchon (Thai: ชุมชน) is used, although this is an unofficial title and is unrelated to the central government.

Local administrative divisions

Ordinary local administrative divisions

Thesaban (municipalities)

Thesaban (Thai: เทศบาล) or municipalities is the second level of administration. There are three types of municipalities: thesaban nakhon, thesaban muang, and thesaban tambon.

  • Thesaban nakhon (เทศบาลนคร) is the highest of these municipalities and there are 30 of them. To qualify for a thesaban nakhon, an area needs to have at least 50,000 citizens and the necessary infrastructure for a city.
  • Thesaban muang (เทศบาลเมือง) needs to have at least 10,000 citizens.
  • Thesaban tambon (เทศบาลตำบล) is the lowest administrative level for a municipality. In order to qualify as a thesaban tambon, there needs to be an income of 5 million baht, 5,000 citizens, and a density of 1,500 per square km.

They are known for being complicated geographically. It can extend over a few tambons or be contained within a tambon. Their responsibility are to maintain public order, provide and maintain land and waterways, maintain cleanliness of roads. or corridors and public places Including the disposal of solid waste and sewage, and prevent and suppress contagious diseases.[26]

Originally thesaban were sanitation districts called sukhaphiban (Thai: สุขาภิบาล) created to manage waste. Sukhaphiban used to co-exist with thesaban until it was abolished in 1999.

Special local administrative divisions

There are two special administrative regions within Thailand: Bangkok and Pattaya. The SAR is an autonomous region governed separately from the central government. The mayor of the SARs is elected directly by the citizen of their respective SARs. The SAR category is an exclusive administration category where the central government had to have a bill passed exclusively to make a city a SAR. Note that the degree of autonomy is different between these two SARs. Bangkok is recognized as its own polity while Pattaya is under the administration of Chonburi province. Bangkok has its own khaet-khwang system and Pattaya uses the tambon-muban system. This makes Pattaya closer to a thesaban nakhon than a SAR, still, it is classified as a SAR.

Nakhon Suvarnabhumi SAR

Currently, there are plans to make Chiang Mai and Mae Sot a special local administrative area.[27] Though the plans for Chiang Mai is controversial due to the extreme centralization of the government. Especially within the parliament, conservatives called it separatism. A recent bill passed in 2005 and withdrawn in 2007 proposed a new province, Nakhon Suvarnabhumi, and was planned to be structured as a special local administrative area. As a result of a coup, the project was cancelled and withdrawn.

Khet and Khwang (special districts and sub-districts)

Districts and Sub-districts of Bangkok

Only used in Bangkok, the khet-khwang system acts similarly to the amphoe-tambon system, with the Bangkok government (not to be confused with the central Thai government) appointing the directors of these districts. There are 50 khet and 180 khwang within Bangkok.

Informal administrative division

Krungthepmahanakhon lae Parimonthon (Bangkok Metropolitan Region)

Bangkok Metropolitan Area's Municipalities
Thailand Regions
This map depicts the Region of Promthep in 1837, with the partition occurring in the 1840s.

Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล) refers to the surrounding provinces of Bangkok SAR. This division is used to refer to the whole Bangkok and its suburb. Since Bangkok has outgrown its own SAR borders, neighboring provinces’ city is being absorbed into the Bangkok metropolis, though retaining their respective local government. The polity is defined as Bangkok and the five surrounding provinces of Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan, and Samut Sakhon. This definition of Bangkok is commonly used in radio, news, and everyday life when people refer to Bangkok.[28]

Phak (region)

Phak (Thai: ภาค) refers to the grouping of multiple provinces with regard to history, culture, and geography. There are ten types of phak divisions: 6-regions, 5-4-regions, meteorological, tourism, economic, highway, landlines, postal, electoral, and scouts. In everyday life, one would expect to be using the 4-regions system due to its simplicity and wide understanding of this system.

The four regions system is composed of:

  • North
  • Isan
  • Central
  • South

The northern region closely resembles the former Kingdom of Lanna. This kingdom was split into five minor kingdoms in the 1800s and fully absorbed into Siam. Owing to their cultural differences, people from the central plains discriminate against the people of the frontiers regions of Siam. This ingrained the division between us and them within the Siamese psyche.

The Isan region resembles the old territory annexed from the Kingdom of Vientiane and Champassak. The southern region resembles the former territories of the Malay sultanates and the Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat.[29]

Populations

Regions[30] Male Female Total
Central 10,984,989 11,857,239 22,842,228
Bangkok Metropolitan Area 5,126,677 5,745,423 10,872,100
Bangkok Special Administrative Area 2,592,292 2,935,702 5,527,994
Pattaya Special Administrative Area[31] 47,773 50,598 98,372
North 5,871,707 6,138,317 12,010,024
Isan 10,814,540 11,012,380 21,826,920
South 4,667,882 4,824,385 9,492,267
Total 32,339,118 33,960,884 66,171,439

Unorganized Administrative Region

During the reign of Rama III, there was a massive settlement effort, in which many city and town were created during this time. This caused a "great reshuffling" of the provinces' territory. This ended up leading to the creation of the unorganized region of Promthep. This region was the result of the breaking up of the Kingdom of Cambodia's northern region and annexing it as a part of Siam. Later, this region was partitioned and merged into the Kingdom of Champassak, Kingdom of Cambodia, Khukhan and Siemmarat.

Abolished administrative divisions

Monthon

Monthon of 1900

Monthon (Thai: มณฑล) were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word monthon is a translation of the word mandala (maṇḍala, literally "circle"). The monthon were created as a part of the Thesaphiban[32] (เทศาภิบาล, literally "local government") bureaucratic administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's present provinces (changwat), districts (amphoe), and communes (tambon) throughout Thailand. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to Samuhathesaphiban (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act.[33]

In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933, part of the changes made after the coup d'état, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.

Monthon มณฑล Established Fate
Lao Klang ลาวกลาง 1890 1893 - renamed Monthon Nakhon Ratchasima
Lao Tawan Ok ลาวตะวันออก 1890 1891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua becoming Monthon Lao Kao
Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua ลาวตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ 1890 1891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok becoming Monthon Lao Kao
Lao Phuan ลาวพวน 1890 1893 - renamed Monthon Udon after ceding the west bank of the Mekong.
Lao Kao ลาวกาว 1891 1893 - renamed Monthon Isan
Lao Phung Khao ลาวพุงขาว 1893 1893 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to French Third Republic
Lao Chiang ลาวเฉียง 1893 1900 - renamed into Monthon Tawan Ok Chiang Neua
Krung Kao กรุงเก่า 1893 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Prachinburi ปราจิณบุรี 1893 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Khamen เขมร 1893 1899 - renamed Monthon Burapha
Nakhon Ratchasima นครราชสีมา 1893 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Isan อีสาน 1893 1912 - partitioned into Monthon Roi Et and Monthon Ubon
Phitsanulok พิษณุโลก 1894 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Nakhon Sawan นครสวรรค์ 1895 1932 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya
Ratchaburi ราชบุรี 1895 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Nakhon Chai Si นครไชยศรี 1895 1932 - merged into Monthon Ratchaburi
Chumphon ชุมพร 1896 1925 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat
Nakhon Si Thammarat นครศรีธรรมราช 1896 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Syburi ไทรบุรี 1897 1909 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to British Empire
Krung Thep กรุงเทพ 1897 1922 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya
Phuket ภูเก็จ 1898 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Phetchabun เพชรบูรณ์ 1899

1907

1903 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok

1916 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok

Burapha บูรพา 1899 1906 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to French Third Republic
Tawan Ok Chiang Neua ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ 1900 1901 - renamed into Monthon Phayap
Phayap พายัพ 1901 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Udon อุดร 1901 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
Pattani ปัตตานี 1906 1932 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat
Chanthaburi จันทบุรี 1906 1933 - merged into Prachinburi
Roi Et ร้อยเอ็จ 1912 1932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima
Ubon อุบล 1912 1932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima
Maharat มหาราษฎร์ 1915 1926 - merged into Monthon Phayap
Boriwen Map
  • Monthon Lao Chiang is the same as Monthon Phayap, to ease understanding in this table but in all cases, they are the same.
  • Monthon Lao Kao which became Monthon Isan, and Monthon Lao Phuan which became Monthon Udon.
  • The use of the name is up to interpretation and use on case-by-case basis, but name changes occurs due to Rama V integration policy of minorities and achieving assimilation.
  • Province merger not shown, only monthon partition and merger are

Boriwen

Boriwen (Thai: บริเวณ) was created due to the size of the three largest monthon hence a subdivision of monthons. Several provinces were grouped together into one boriwen. In 1908 the boriwen were renamed to changwat, which became the name of provinces in 1916. The monthon with between three and five boriwen were Phayap, Udon Thani and Isan. Each boriwen was administered by a commissioner (khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).

Sukhaphiban

Sukhaphiban (Thai: สุขาภิบาล) were administrative divisions of Thailand. Sukhaphiban were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. A first such district was created in Bangkok by a royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897. Tha Chalom District became the second such district, created in 1906 and responsible for parts of Mueang Samut Sakhon District, Samut Sakhon Province.

In 1907 the act on operations of sanitary districts codified the regulations, and with the Local Administration Act of 1914 two levels of sukhaphiban were introduced, the sukhaphiban mueang for towns and sukhaphiban tambon for rural areas.

The number of sanitary districts grew to 35 in 1935, when these however were converted into municipalities (thesaban). New sanitary district were again established starting in 1952 by prime minister Phibun Songkhram. With the Act to Upgrade Sanitary Districts to Thesaban of May 1999 they were again abolished, and all became thesaban tambon.[34]

Muang Prathetsarat

The maximum extent of the Kingdom of Rattanakosin's sphere of influence

Vassal states (Thai: เมืองประเทศราช) existed within Thailand for centuries since the founding of Sukhothai. Though not directly part of the country or even arguably an administrative division. Nonetheless, these states deserve a mention which is due to the fact that they are an entity within a certain polity.

Describing past vassals of Thailand requires the understanding of the mandala system. The mandala system is a largely diffused and dispersed power structure. This means that a vassal is largely independent to the central state, with the vassal also retaining sub-servient city-state-vassals. To explain this power structure, imagine if the United States is the central state, and Washington DC is the central state with 50 surrounding vassal states giving tributes to the central state and having open borders within these polities. These state-vassals also have subservient counties with autonomy in their internal affairs with these counties having their own autonomous sub-divisions. Thus, creating a pyramid of subservient cities and polities. It is not the current political structure of the United States due to the fact that the individual states could not just declare independence, which these vassal could, and had more autonomy from the central state. If the vassal states were to declare independence, it would incur the wrath of the central state. In history this was seen even when the Kingdom of Vientiane, a vassal, rebelled and lost which then was dissolved and absorbed into the central state.

The relationships between Thailand and its vassal varies over the centuries. It could be as amicable and the relationship that of the Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Compared with the less amicable, aforementioned, Kingdom of Vientiane, which started a rebellion in 1826 under King Anouvong (Xaiya Setthathirath V). The last vassal state to be subservient to Thailand was the Malay states, which was subsequently dissolved, ceded, and merged into provinces and British Malaya in 1909, and the Kingdom of Champassak, which was downgraded into a province.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Vassal States and Dependencies เมืองประเทศราช Period Under Suzerainty Today Part of Fate
Kingdom

of Hanthawaddy

อาณาจักรหงสาวดี 1287–1298

1307–1317

1330

 Myanmar Gained independence due to the declining influence of the Kingdom of Sukhothai
Kingdom of Sukhothai อาณาจักรสุโขทัย 1378–1438  Thailand One of the first Thai states to form in the post-classical era, formed by King Si Inthrathit. Later, the Sukhothai Kingdom was overtaken by both military and cultural influences by the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The Sukhothai Kingdom became a vassal of Ayutthaya in 1378 and was fully integrated into the Kingdom of Ayutthaya in 1438. Later, a branch of the old royal family of Sukhothai gained influence in the royal court of Ayutthaya and established the Sukhothai Dynasty within the Ayutthayan court with King Maha Thammarachathirat being the founder.
Kingdom of Cambodia อาณาจักรกัมพูชา 1594–1831

1845–1863

 Cambodia During the First Siamese-Ngyuen Dynasty War, Cambodia was invaded by Vietnamese forces, which then led to the subsequent transfer of Cambodia to Vietnam. Later during the Second Siamese-Ngyuen Dynasty War, both Siam and Nguyễn Dynasty came to a compromise with Cambodia coming under joint suzerainty. Cambodia was then transferred to the French Third Republic.
Kingdom of Nakhon

Si Thammarat

อาณาจักรนครศรีธรรมราช 1238–1767

1769–1784

 Thailand Briefly gain independence after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya, and later was integrated fully into the Kingdom of Rattanakosin.
Principality of Si Phum เมืองศรีภูมิ 1768–1772  Thailand Annexed by the Kingdom of Rattanakosin
Principality of Don Mot Daeng เมืองดอนมดแดง 1777-1778  Laos,

 Thailand

Annexed by the Kingdom of Champassak, Under the Kingdom of Rattanakosin
Kingdom of Vientiane อาณาจักรเวียงจันทน์ 1779–1828  Laos,

 Vietnam

Annexed as a result of the Lao Rebellion in 1826
Principality of Phuan เมืองพวน 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Transferred to Siam then transferred the French Third Republic
Federation of the Six Hua Phan Cantons หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Transferred to Siam then transferred the French Third Republic
Canton of Hiam-Son เมืองเหียม-เมืองซ่อน 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Canton of Cham Neua เมืองชำเหนือ 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Canton of Cham Tai เมืองชำใต้ 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Canton of Soi เมืองโสย 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Canton of

Kho-Sop'Et

เมืองเชียงฆอ-เมืองสบแอด 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Canton of

Hua Muang

เมืองหัวเมือง 1779–1888  Laos,

 Vietnam

Kingdom of Champasak อาณาจักรหลวงพระบาง 1779–1904  Laos,

 Vietnam,

 Cambodia

Downgraded to a province
Principality of Thoen เมืองเถิน 1776-1915  Thailand Annexed by the Principality of Lampang
Kingdom of

Luang Prabang

อาณาจักรจำปาศักดิ์ 1779–1893  Laos,

 Vietnam

Transferred to the French Third Republic
Principality

of Phongsali

เมืองพงสาลี 1779–1893  Laos,

 Vietnam

Transferred to the French Third Republic
Federation of the Twelve Tai Cantons* สิบสองจุไทย 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam Transferred to the French Third Republic
Canton of Lai เมืองไล 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Te เมืองแต่ 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Jian เมืองเจียน 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Mun เมืองมุน 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Bang เมืองบาง 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Thaeng เมืองแถง 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Khwai เมืองควาย 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Dung เมืองดุง 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Muai เมืองม่วย 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of La เมืองลา 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Moh เมืองโมะ 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Wat เมืองหวัด 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Sang เมืองซาง 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of So เมืองสอ 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Than เมืองถาน 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Canton of Lo เมืองลอ 1779–1806

1835–1888

 Vietnam
Kingdom of Chiang Mai นครเชียงใหม่ 1775–1894  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Principality of Lampang นครเมืองลำปาง 1775–1894  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Principality of Nan นครเมืองน่าน 1775–1894  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Principality of Lamphun นครลำพูน 1775–1894  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Principality of Phrae เมืองแพร่ 1775–1894  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Sultanate of Kedah เมืองสตูลไทรบุรี 1821–1909  Malaysia Downgraded to a province, and Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Setul เมืองสตูล 1808–1909  Thailand Downgraded to a province
Kingdom of Perlis เมืองปะลิส 1843–1909  Malaysia Downgraded to a province, and Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Kubang Pasu เมืองกุปังปาสู 1839–1864  Malaysia Merged into Syburi
Sultanate of Pattani อาณาจักรปัตตานี 1786–1902  Thailand,

 Malaysia

Downgraded to a province, and partitioned into seven autonomous townships
Kingdom of Reman อาณาจักรรามัน 1810–1902  Thailand,

 Malaysia

partitioned and merged into surrounding provinces: Pattani, Narathiwat, and Yala. The southern part is transferred to the British Empire
Sultanate of Terengganu อาณาจักรตรังกานู 1786–1909  Malaysia Downgraded to a province, and Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman อาณาจักเบอซุต 1780–1899  Malaysia annexed by the Sultanate of Terengganu
Sultanate of Kelantan อาณาจักรกลันตัน 1786–1909  Malaysia Downgraded to a province, and Transferred to the British Empire
Principality of Chiang Tung เมืองเชียงตุง 1802–1812  Myanmar Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)
Principality of Hà Tiên เมืองบันทายมาศ 1785–1809  Cambodia,

 Vietnam

Declared Independence, Submitted to Nguyễn Dynasty
Federation of Sipsong Panna สิบสองปันนา 1805–1812  Myanmar,

 Laos,

 China

Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)
Canton of

Chiang Rung

นครเชียงรุ่ง 1805–1812  China
Chiang Rung เชียงรุ่ง 1805–1812  China
Muang Yang เมืองยาง 1805–1812  China
Muang Ham เมืองฮำ 1805–1812  China
Canton of Je นครเมืองแจ 1805–1812  China
Muang Je เมืองแจ 1805–1812  China
Muang Mang

(Western)

เมืองมาง(ตะวันตก) 1805–1812  China
Chiang Lu เชียงลู 1805–1812  China
Muang Ong เมืองออง 1805–1812  China
Canton of Luang นครเมืองลวง 1805–1812  China
Canton of Hon นครเมืองหน 1805–1812  China ,

 Myanmar

Muang Hon เมืองหน 1805–1812  China
Muang Phan เมืองพาน 1805–1812  China
Muang Lo เมืองลอ 1805–1812  Myanmar
Canton of Rai นครเมืองราย 1805–1812  China
Muang Rai เมืองราย 1805–1812  China
Muang Juang เมืองเจือง 1805–1812  China
Canton of Ngad นครเมืองงาด 1805–1812  China
Muang Ngad เมืองงาด 1805–1812  China
Muang Khang เมืองขาง 1805–1812  China
Muang Wang เมืองวัง 1805–1812  China
Canton of Lah นครเมืองหล้า 1805–1812  China
Muang Lah เมืองหล้า 1805–1812  China
Muang Ban เมืองบาน 1805–1812  China
Canton of Hing นครเมืองฮิง 1805–1812  China
Muang Hing เมืองฮิง 1805–1812  China
Muang Pang เมืองปาง 1805–1812  China
Canton of La นครเมืองลา 1805–1812  China
Chiang Neua เชียงเหนือ 1805–1812  China
Muang La เมืองลา 1805–1812  China
Canton of Phong นครเมืองพง 1805–1812  China
Muang Phong เมืองพง 1805–1812  China
Muang Mang

(Eastern)

เมืองมาง(ตะวันออก) 1805–1812  China
Muang Yuan เมืองหย่วน 1805–1812  China
Canton of Ou Neua นครเมืองอูเหนือ 1805–1812  Laos
Muang Ou Neua เมืองอูเหนือ 1805–1812  Laos
Muang Ou Tai เมืองอูใต้ 1805–1812  Laos
Canton of Tho นครเมืองทอ 1805–1812  China
Chiang Tho เชียงทอ 1805–1812  China
Muang I-Ngou เมืองอีงู 1805–1812  China
Muang I-Pang เมืองอีปาง 1805–1812  China
Canton of

Phuthaen Luang

นครเมืองภูแถนหลวง 1805–1812  China
Muang

Phuthaen Luang

เมืองภูแถนหลวง 1805–1812  China
Muang Kham Thaen เวียงคำแถน 1805–1812  China
Principality of Chiang Khaeng เมืองเชียงแขง 1802–1812

1892–1893**

 Laos,

 Myanmar

Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire), then transferred to Siam merging with the Principality of Nan then transferred to the French Third Republic
Principality of Chiang Lap เมืองเชียงลับ 1802–1812  Myanmar Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)

*Twelve Cantons were actually composed of twelve to sixteen different cantons. Note that throughout the centuries, different cantons held the same seats. The number of seats range from 12 to 16.

**Chiang Khaeng was merged with the Principality of Nan after the transfer.

Lost Territories

There are various territories which were partitioned and transferred to another political entity over the centuries. This could be either that the central government gave an order, or an independent action acted upon by the individual muang prathetsarat.

Map Territory เขตการปกครอง Period Under Suzerainty Fate Today part of
Salaween Territory ดินแดนสาละวิน 1802–1892 Traded to Karenni State and Shan State, British Burma,

gaining Chiang Khaeng.

 Myanmar,

 Laos

Chiang Khaeng Territory ดินแดนเมืองเชียงแขง 1892–1893 Transferred to the French Third Republic  Myanmar
Koh Song Territory ดินแดนเกาะสอง 1769–1864 Ceded to the British Empire  Myanmar
Miawdi Territory ดินแดนเมียวดี 1768–1834 Gifted to the British Empire, from the Kingdom of Chiang Mai  Myanmar
Mohtahmah Territory ดินแดนเมาะตะมะ 1287–1548

1594–1613

1662

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)

 Myanmar
Thawai Territory ดินแดนทวาย 1287–1548

1593–1613

1662

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)

 Myanmar
Tanaosi Territory ดินแดนตะนาวสี 1287–1564

1593–1614

1756–1760

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained

Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)

 Myanmar

Former administrative division maps

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