Isotopes of rhodium (45Rh)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
99Rh synth 16.1 d β+ 99Ru
101Rh synth 4.07 y ε 101Ru
101mRh synth 4.343 d ε 101Ru
IT 101Rh
102Rh synth 207 d β+ 102Ru
β 102Pd
102mRh synth 3.742 y β+ 102Ru
IT 102Rh
103Rh 100% stable
105Rh synth 35.341 h β 105Pd
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh)
  • 102.90549±0.00002
  • 102.91±0.01 (abridged)[2][3]

Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh.[4] The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 103Rh is ruthenium and the primary product after is palladium.

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1]
Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2][n 3]
Half-life
[n 4]
Decay
mode

[n 5]
Daughter
isotope

[n 6]
Spin and
parity
[n 7][n 4]
Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 4] Normal proportion Range of variation
89Rh 45 44 88.94884(48)# 10# ms
[>1.5 μs]
β+ 89Ru 7/2+#
90Rh 45 45 89.94287(54)# 15(7) ms
[12(+9−4) ms]
β+ 90Ru 0+#
90mRh 0(500)# keV 1.1(3) s
[1.0(+3−2) s]
9+#
91Rh 45 46 90.93655(43)# 1.74(14) s β+ 91Ru 7/2+#
91mRh 1.46(11) s (1/2−)
92Rh 45 47 91.93198(43)# 4.3(13) s β+ 92Ru (6+)
92mRh 4.66(25) s
[2.9(+15−8) s]
(≥6+)
93Rh 45 48 92.92574(43)# 11.9(7) s β+ 93Ru 9/2+#
94Rh 45 49 93.92170(48)# 70.6(6) s β+ (98.2%) 94Ru (2+, 4+)
β+, p (1.79%) 93Tc
94mRh 300(200)# keV 25.8(2) s β+ 94Ru (8+)
95Rh 45 50 94.91590(16) 5.02(10) min β+ 95Ru (9/2)+
95mRh 543.3(3) keV 1.96(4) min IT (88%) 95Rh (1/2)−
β+ (12%) 95Ru
96Rh 45 51 95.914461(14) 9.90(10) min β+ 96Ru (6+)
96mRh 52.0(1) keV 1.51(2) min IT (60%) 96Rh (3+)
β+ (40%) 96Ru
97Rh 45 52 96.91134(4) 30.7(6) min β+ 97Ru 9/2+
97mRh 258.85(17) keV 46.2(16) min β+ (94.4%) 97Ru 1/2−
IT (5.6%) 97Rh
98Rh 45 53 97.910708(13) 8.72(12) min β+ 98Ru (2)+
98mRh 60(50)# keV 3.6(2) min IT 98Rh (5+)
β+ 98Ru
99Rh 45 54 98.908132(8) 16.1(2) d β+ 99Ru 1/2−
99mRh 64.3(4) keV 4.7(1) h β+ (99.83%) 99Ru 9/2+
IT (.16%) 99Rh
100Rh 45 55 99.908122(20) 20.8(1) h β+ 100Ru 1−
100m1Rh 107.6(2) keV 4.6(2) min IT (98.3%) 100Rh (5+)
β+ (1.7%) 100Ru
100m2Rh 74.78(2) keV 214.0(20) ns (2)+
100m3Rh 112.0+X keV 130(10) ns (7+)
101Rh 45 56 100.906164(18) 3.3(3) y EC 101Ru 1/2−
101mRh 157.32(4) keV 4.34(1) d EC (93.6%) 101Ru 9/2+
IT (6.4%) 101Rh
102Rh 45 57 101.906843(5) 207.0(15) d β+ (80%) 102Ru (1−, 2−)
β (20%) 102Pd
102mRh 140.75(8) keV 3.742(10) y β+ (99.77%) 102Ru 6+
IT (.23%) 102Rh
103Rh[n 8] 45 58 102.905504(3) Stable 1/2− 1.0000
103mRh 39.756(6) keV 56.114(9) min IT 103Rh 7/2+
104Rh 45 59 103.906656(3) 42.3(4) s β (99.55%) 104Pd 1+
β+ (.449%) 104Ru
104mRh 128.967(4) keV 4.34(3) min 5+
105Rh[n 8] 45 60 104.905694(4) 35.36(6) h β 105Pd 7/2+
105mRh 129.781(4) keV 42.9(3) s IT 105Rh 1/2−
β 105Pd
106Rh 45 61 105.907287(8) 29.80(8) s β 106Pd 1+
106mRh 136(12) keV 131(2) min β 106Pd (6)+
107Rh 45 62 106.906748(13) 21.7(4) min β 107Pd 7/2+
107mRh 268.36(4) keV >10 μs 1/2−
108Rh 45 63 107.90873(11) 16.8(5) s β 108Pd 1+
108mRh −60(110) keV 6.0(3) min β 108Pd (5)(+#)
109Rh 45 64 108.908737(13) 80(2) s β 109Pd 7/2+
110Rh 45 65 109.91114(5) 28.5(15) s β 110Pd (>3)(+#)
110mRh −60(50) keV 3.2(2) s β 110Pd 1+
111Rh 45 66 110.91159(3) 11(1) s β 111Pd (7/2+)
112Rh 45 67 111.91439(6) 3.45(37) s β 112Pd 1+
112mRh 330(70) keV 6.73(15) s β 112Pd (4, 5, 6)
113Rh 45 68 112.91553(5) 2.80(12) s β 113Pd (7/2+)
114Rh 45 69 113.91881(12) 1.85(5) s β (>99.9%) 114Pd 1+
β, n (<.1%) 113Pd
114mRh 200(150)# keV 1.85(5) s β 114Pd (4, 5)
115Rh 45 70 114.92033(9) 0.99(5) s β 115Pd (7/2+)#
116Rh 45 71 115.92406(15) 0.68(6) s β (>99.9%) 116Pd 1+
β, n (<.1%) 115Pd
116mRh 200(150)# keV 570(50) ms β 116Pd (6−)
117Rh 45 72 116.92598(54)# 0.44(4) s β 117Pd (7/2+)#
118Rh 45 73 117.93007(54)# 310(30) ms β 118Pd (4−10)(+#)
119Rh 45 74 118.93211(64)# 300# ms
[>300 ns]
β 119Pd 7/2+#
120Rh 45 75 119.93641(64)# 200# ms
[>300 ns]
β 120Pd
121Rh 45 76 120.93872(97)# 100# ms
[>300 ns]
β 121Pd 7/2+#
122Rh 45 77 121.94321(75)# 50# ms
[>300 ns]
This table header & footer:
  1. mRh  Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ()  Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. #  Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. 1 2 3 #  Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. Modes of decay:
    EC:Electron capture
    IT:Isomeric transition
    n:Neutron emission
    p:Proton emission
  6. Bold symbol as daughter  Daughter product is stable.
  7. () spin value  Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. 1 2 Fission product

References

  1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
  3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi:10.1595/147106711X555656.
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