Beardfishes
Temporal range:
Stout Beardfish, (P. nobilis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
(unranked): Acanthomorpha
Order: Polymixiiformes
Family: Polymixiidae
Bleeker, 1859
Type species
Polymixia nobilis
Families
  • †Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
  • †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985
  • Polymixiidae Gill 1862
Synonyms
  • Polymixioidei Bleeker 1859

The beardfishes consist of a single extant genus, Polymixia, of deep-sea marine ray-finned fish named for their pair of long hyoid barbels. They are classified in their own order Polymixiiformes /pɒliˈmɪksi.ɪfɔːrmz/.[1] But as Nelson says, "few groups have been shifted back and forth as frequently as this one, and they were recently added to Paracanthoptergii".[2] For instance, they have previously been classified as belonging to the Beryciformes. They are of little economic importance.[3]

They are found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Ocean. They are bottom-dwelling fish, found down to about 800 m (2,600 ft) depth. Most are relatively small fish, although one species, Polymixia berndti, is over 40 cm (16 in) in length.[3]

The earliest fossils are from the Turonian of Canada, from the former Western Interior Seaway.[4]

Classification

  • Order Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969[5][6]
    • Genus †Cumbaaichthys Murray 2016
      • Cumbaaichthys oxyrhynchus Murray 2016
    • FamilyBoreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
      • Genus †Boreiohydrias Murray & Cumbaa 2013
        • Boreiohydrias dayi Murray & Cumbaa 2013
    • FamilyDigoriidae Bannikov 1985
      • Genus †Digoria Jordan 1923
        • Digoria ambigua Jordan 1923
    • Family Polymixiidae Gill 1862 [Berycopsidae Regan 1911; Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975; Omosomopsidae Gaudant 1978; Homonotichthyidae Whitley 1933]
      • Genus †Apricenaichthys Taverne 2011
        • Apricenaichthys italicus
      • Genus †Berycopsia Radovčić 1975
        • Berycopsia inopinnata Radovčić 1975
      • Genus †Berycopsis Dixon 1850 [Platycormus von der Marck 1900]
        • B. elegans Dixon 1850 [Platycormus elegans (Dixon 1850)]
        • B. germana (Agassiz 1839) [Beryx germanus Agassiz 1839; Platycormus germanus (Agassiz 1839)]
        • B. pulcher Bannikov & Bacchia 2004
      • Genus †Dalmatichthys Radovčić 1975
        • Dalmatichthys malezi Radovčić 1975
      • Genus †Homonotichthys Whitley 1933
        • H. dorsalis (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus dorsalis Dixon 1850]
        • H. elegans (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus elegans Dixon 1850]
        • H. rotundus (Woodward 1902) [Homonotus rotundus Woodward 1902]
      • Genus †Magrebichthys Murray & Wilson 2014
        • Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson 2014
      • Genus †Omosoma Costa 1857
        • O. garretti Bardack 1976
        • O. pulchellum Davis 1887
        • O. sahelaimae Costa 1857
        • O. tselfatense Gaudant 1978
      • Genus †Omosomopsis Gaudant 1978
        • Omosomopsis sima (Arambourg 1954) Gaudant 1978
      • Genus †Parapolymyxia David 1946
      • Genus †Pycnosterinx Heckel 1849 [Imogaster Costa 1857]
        • P. discoides Heckel 1849
        • P. dorsalis Pictet 1850
        • P. heckelii Pictet 1850
        • P. latus Davis 1887
        • P. russeggeri Heckel 1849 [Homonotus pulcher Davis 1886]
      • Genus Polymixia Lowe 1836 [Dinemus Poey 1860; Nemobrama Valenciennes 1860 non Jordan, Evermann & Clark 1930]
        • P. berndti Gilbert 1905 (Pacific beardfish)
        • P. busakhini Kotlyar 1993 (Busakhin's beardfish)
        • P. fusca Kotthaus 1970
        • P. japonica Günther 1877 (Silver eye)
        • P. longispina Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1983 [Polymixia kawadae Okamura & Ema 1985]
        • P. lowei Günther 1859 (Beardfish)
        • P. nobilis Lowe 1838 [Nemobrama webbii Valenciennes 1837; Dinemus venustus Poey 1860; Polymixia nobilis virginica Nichols & Firth 1936] (Stout beardfish)
        • P. polita Schwarzhans 2012
        • P. salagomeziensis Kotlyar 1991
        • P. sazonovi Kotlyar 1992
        • P. yuri Kotlyar 1982

Timeline of genera

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousPolymixiaPycnosterinxDalmatichthysBerycopsiaBerycopsisOmosomaHomonotichthysParaipichthysAipichthysAipichthyoidesQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly Cretaceous

References

  1. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Polymixiiformes" in FishBase. February 2006 version.
  2. Joseph S. Nelson. Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-54713-1.
  3. 1 2 Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  4. Murray, Alison M. (2014). "Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 1: 101–115. doi:10.18435/B5CC78. ISSN 2292-1389.
  5. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Polymixiomorpha – beardfishes and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  6. "Part 7- Vertebrates". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
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