Thessaloniki Metro
Overview
Native nameΜετρό Θεσσαλονίκης
OwnerElliniko Metro S.A.
LocaleThessaloniki, Greece
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines2[1][2]
Number of stations0 (18 under construction, 16 planned)[3]
Daily ridership320,000 (projected)[4]
Annual ridership313.000
WebsiteOfficial Elliniko Metro page
Operation
Began operationNovember 2024 (line 1), Spring 2025 (line 2)
Operation will startLate Q3 2024[5]
Operator(s)Thessaloniki Metro Automatic (THEMA)
Infrastructure manager(s)Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (51%) and Egis Group (49%)[6]
CharacterUnderground
Number of vehicles33 Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro[7]
Headway90 seconds[7]
Technical
System length14.28 km (8.87 mi) in 2021[8][9]
31.6 km (19.6 mi) when finished[1][8][9][10]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC third rail[7]
Top speed90 km/h (56 mph)[7]

The Thessaloniki Metro (Greek: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης, Metró Thessaloníkisⓘ, [meˈtro θesaloˈnicis]) is an underground rapid-transit system under construction in Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city. Estimates for the cost of the megaproject are €1.62 billion ($1.83 billion) for the main line and €640 million ($723 million) for the Kalamaria extension, for a total of €2.26 billion ($2.55 billion). The project is primarily funded with loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and funds from the Greek government. Construction by a Greek-Italian consortium is overseen by Elliniko Metro S.A., the Greek state-owned company which oversaw construction of the Athens Metro and Athens Tram.

Proposed during the 1910s and first seriously planned in the 1980s, construction of the main line began in 2006 and on the Kalamaria extension in 2013. Although the initial proposal included three extensions to the main line, the latest Elliniko Metro proposal seeks to combine the two westward extensions as a loop; the system will be made up of the main line and the Kalamaria and Evosmos extensions. The system under construction has 18 stations and 14.4 km (8.9 mi) of tunnels. Detailed planning of the airport extension went to tender in March 2019, while the Western loop went to tender in August of the same year.

After years of delays, due mainly to archaeological discoveries in the city centre during construction and in part to the Greek financial crisis, the main line is scheduled to open in 2024.[11][12] The system will be entirely driverless and remote-controlled.

History

1918 and 1988 proposals

Old map
This map by Thomas Mawson (c. 1918) shows a metropolitan railway line, in purple, running about the same route as the modern Line 1.[13]

Ernest Hébrard and Thomas Hayton Mawson were the first to propose the creation of a metro system in Thessaloniki in 1918 as part of a commission appointed by the government of Eleftherios Venizelos to redesign the city after the Great Fire of 1917, which had devastated the city centre.[14] They proposed an underground rail line to allow easy access from the city centre to the planned outskirts of the city in the east. Although Thessaloniki has grown considerably since Hébrard's original design, Line 1 is almost identical to his plan and runs from his proposed new railway station to the suburb of Nea Elvetia.[15][16] The project never materialised. A circular metro line was proposed in 1968, extending to the airport and crossing the Thermaic Gulf in a tunnel.[13]

The idea of a metro was revived during the 1980s. In 1988, under Mayor Sotiris Kouvelas, the city published studies for its Thessaloniki Metro development plan and construction of the project's first phase.[17] The line was almost identical to the modern line, with 14 stations between the New Railway Station and Nea Elvetia. The plan had one additional station, Patrikiou, between 25 Martiou and Voulgari and had alternative names for three stations. Dimokratias is shown as Vardari, an alternative name for the public square served by the station; Venizelou is listed as Alkazar (Hamza Bey Mosque, on the corner of Egnatia and Venizelou Streets), and Efklidi is shown as Archaeological Museum.[17] The network would be within the city limits, excluding Kalamaria and a large portion of Thessaloniki's metropolitan area. Of the 7.77 km (4.83 mi) of track proposed, 6.26 km (3.89 mi) would be underground and 1.51 km (0.94 mi) above ground.[17]

See caption
Route diagram of the 1988 proposal for a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) network (in red), with future extensions in blue[17]

In 1989, construction began on the first 650 metres (2,130 ft) of tunnel along Egnatia street between the Thessaloniki International Fair grounds and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (the present Panepistimio station).[17] Construction was carried out with the cut-and-cover method instead of a tunnel boring machine. The proposed metro was only 4.5 metres (15 ft) beneath ground level at 25 Martiou but dropped to about 10 metres (33 ft) towards the New Railway Station, creating archaeological problems similar to those encountered during construction of the current system. Although construction was scheduled to end in 1995, the project stalled and the unfinished (but excavated) initial cut-and-cover section became known as "the hole of Kouvelas" (Greek: η τρύπα του Κούβελα, i trypa tou Kouvela).[17] The project ultimately failed due to a series of unsuccessful contract competitions and appeals of awarded contracts. Another obstacle was lack of interest by Greece's central government. Thessaloniki attempted to fund the project on its own, saying that European Union member states were prepared to cover 50 percent of the project costs and provide favourable loans for the remainder, but without the central-government's involvement the plan did not go forward.[17] One reason for the lack of central-government support was Greece's political polarisation during the 1980s; Kouvelas represented the centre-right New Democracy party when the country was governed by the Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Plans for a Thessaloniki metro were abandoned until the 2000s.[15]

Final proposal

Animated diagram of the metro's development
Evolution of the metro

In 2018, Elliniko Metro S.A. was overseeing the construction of a two-line, twin-tunnel system composed of Line 1 (the base project) and Line 2 (the Kalamaria Extension). Although Line 1 has been delayed by extensive archaeological works, Line 2's construction is proceeding on schedule.[15] Construction of tunnels for both lines was finished in 2018, and track-laying began in August of that year.[18] Line 1 and Line 2 were expected to be operational by December 2023.[5] Both lines are designed to serve a minimum of 18,000 passengers per hour in each direction, with a 90-second headway.[7][19] The completed metro will reduce Thessaloniki's greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 5,000 tons a year, and reduce travel time by up to 66 percent.[20]

Click on station names or symbols to visit the relevant page

Network

Line 1 (Base Project)

See caption
Topographic map of Line 1

What is known as the Base Project (Greek: Βασικό Έργο) began in 2003, when Attiko Metro and the Greek government agreed to cooperate on a public works project[8] Government support was instrumental, since lack of government support for the 1988 proposal was the primary reason it had failed. The project issued a request for tender in 2004–2005, and the successful Greco-Italian consortium (which included AnsaldoBreda) began construction in late June 2006.[8] An alternate consortium, Macedonian Metro (Greek: Μακεδονικό Μετρό), was barred by the European Court of Justice from participating in the tender because it changed its composition after the tender proceedings began (violating EU law).[21] The project was budgeted at €1.05 billion ($1.19 billion), with 25 percent funding from the Greek government and 75 percent funded by loans from the European Investment Bank and the European Regional Development Fund.[22] The latest available Attiko Metro financial data put the official estimated cost at €1.28 billion ($1.45 billion).[23] An April 2019 update raised the estimated cost to €1.62 billion ($1.83 billion).[24] Line 1 runs within the municipality of Thessaloniki, the core of the Thessaloniki urban area, calling at 13 stations.

It has two parallel single-track tunnels on a 9.5 km (5.9 mi) route between Neos Sidirodromikos Stathmos (N. Sid. Stathmos, at the city's new railway station) and Nea Elvetia, with Pylaia depot further southeast. Although construction began in 2006, major archaeological finds in the city centre delayed the project considerably. Disputes between Attiko Metro, the city council, and archaeologists reached Greece's Council of State, the country's highest administrative court, in 2015.[15] The original schedule had Line 1 operational by 2012.[15] Attiko Metro redesigned several stations in a solution which became known as "antiquities and metro" (Greek: και αρχαία και μετρό).[25] Some finds discovered on the line will be put on display at permanent in-station exhibitions, while the major discoveries at Venizelou will make up the world's first publicly-accessible open-air archaeological site contained in situ within a metro station.[25]

Construction of the tunnels was completed on 31 July 2018, 12 years and one month after breaking ground.[26] That day, the architectural work on Line 1 was reported as 80 percent finished.[26] In August 2018, tracks and electronic signalling equipment began installation.[18] The line will enter service in its entirety, between N. Sid. Stathmos and Nea Elvetia, in 2020 but will not stop at Aghia Sofia and Venizelou, which will open at a later date.[27][28] By February 2019 construction on the main line was 95 percent completed and platform screen doors were beginning to be installed, while the Supreme Council for Civil Personnel Selection was planning a competition to fill the first 28 Thessaloniki Metro employee positions.[29]

Archaeological excavations at the construction site of Aghia Sofia station in September 2018.

Despite the progress, in September 2019 Greece's new conservative cabinet announced a further 28-month delay to the project, pushing the opening date from November 2020 to April 2023 and citing costly archaeological works at Venizelou as the reason.[30] The new Minister of Infrastructure and Transport announced that the government had decided to scrap the previous plan to keep the archaeological discoveries in situ within the station at Venizelou, choosing instead to disassemble them and re-assemble them at a later stage, noting that excavation costs had exceeded €130 million ($146.86 million), more than the cost of the new Acropolis Museum.[31] Thessaloniki's new conservative mayor, Konstantinos Zervas, as well as Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, supported this move. Mitsotakis also announced at the Thessaloniki International Fair that a new archaeological museum would be built specifically to house archaeological artefacts unearthed during the construction of the metro. The new head of Attiko Metro (now Elliniko Metro) accused archaeologists of "looking to the past; we need to look forward".[32] There were two more delays, one from April 2023 to December 2023, and one from December 2023 to March 2024.

The decision to disassemble the archaeological finds, dubbed a "Byzantine Pompeii",[33][34] was strongly criticised, and a citizens' group has taken the government to court over the issue for a second time, supported by former mayor Yiannis Boutaris among others.[35] Part of the objection has to do with the fact that the government has not carried out any studies as to how it will return and re-assemble the artefacts once the station has been built;[35] this course of action was adopted for the construction of Aghia Sofia station, where the archaeological discoveries were more significant than those at Venizelou, but the re-assembly of the artefacts on site is now impossible because Attiko Metro never constructed any space dedicated to the re-assembly of the artefacts it disassembled, despite having promised to do so.[36] In April 2020, the International Association of Byzantine Studies (AIEB) wrote to Prime Minister Mitsotakis to protest the removal of the antiquities from their original location, saying that the discoveries constituted "a cultural and scientific jewel" and that "it would be a tragedy to jeopardise [Greece's reputation for monument preservation] by squandering the treasure of the Thessaloniki material and data through an unnecessarily hasty construction project", arguing that the previous decision to leave the discoveries in-situ was preferable.[34]

Line 2 (Kalamaria Extension)

See caption
Topographic map of Line 2

The Kalamaria Extension (Greek: Επέκταση Καλαμαριάς) extends the metro system to Kalamaria, the second-largest municipality in the Thessaloniki urban area and the 18th-most-populous in Greece. Similar in construction to Line 1, it has two parallel single-track tunnels on a 4.78 km (2.97 mi) route between 25 Martiou and Mikra and adds five stations to the network.[8] Construction on the project began in 2013, with a budget of €518 million ($585.18 million).[22][8] By 31 July 2018, the extension was 60 percent completed.[26] Although construction began seven years after Line 1, it is expected to fully enter service just six months after Line 1, on the Summer of 2024.[37][2] This is due to the lack of major archaeological works, enabling the project to proceed without delays.[15] The latest Elliniko Metro financial statement puts the extension's cost at €568 million ($642 million).[23] An April 2019 update raised the estimated cost to €640 million ($723.01 million).[24] The line is made up of 16 stations, 11 of which are also stations served by Line 1.

After confusion about the extension's place in the system, Elliniko Metro clarified in August 2018 that it would be a separate line running between N. Sid. Stathmos and Mikra without the need to change trains at 25 Martiou.[2] The extension of Line 2 to Makedonia Airport went to tender in March 2019 with an initial budget of €254,150 ($287 thousand) for topographical works in order to enable more detailed planning of the line.[38]

Future extensions

Thessaloniki Metro
Technical
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
(Development Plan)

 Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro) Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)

Evosmos
Kordelio
Ilioupoli
Menemeni
Stavroupoli
Eptalofos
Polihni
Park and ride Hellenic Railways Organisation N. Sid. Stathmos
Neapoli
Proastiakos Thessaloniki Line Π1 Proastiakos Thessaloniki Line Π2
Proastiakos &
Hellenic Railways
Dimokratias
 Venizelou
 Aghia Sofia
 Sintrivani/Ekthesi
 Panepistimio Park and ride
 Papafi
 Efklidi
 Fleming
 Analipseos
 25 Martiou
Nomarhia
Voulgari
Kalamaria
Nea Elvetia Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro) Park and ride
Aretsou
Pylaia depot
Nea Krini
Park and ride Mikra
Anotera Scholi Polemou
Diavalkaniko
Georgiki Scholi
Macedonia Airport Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro) Makedonia Airport

The system is planned to be extended further, with a four-station eastern extension to Line 2 (towards Macedonia International Airport) and an eight-station loop in the west.[39] The latter is a priority for Elliniko Metro to connect the city's western working class suburbs with the city centre, since the airport will be serviced by a 10-minute shuttle-bus trip to Mikra (the eastern terminus of Line 2).[2] The two western extensions were originally planned as separate lines, but were merged into a single circular line of 10.9 km (6.8 mi)[40] in length in 2018.[1] Work on the western extensions was scheduled to enter the tendering process in the autumn 2018.[10] Attiko Metro confirmed in early 2019 that preliminary works for the western loop will begin in 2019.[41]

According to Elliniko Metro, the double-track airport extension will be a mixture of underground, grade-level, and elevated railway elements.[10] It may be extended south to better serve commuters to and from Chalkidiki.[10] The western loop will be extended with three branches, adding four stations.[3] Detailed planning of the eastern extension to the airport is set to begin in March 2019 and be finished in time for the project to be financed as part of the 2021–2027 funding cycle of the European Regional Development Fund.[42] This happened on 18 March.[38] The proposed route starts at the airport and follows Greek National Road 67 before joining Greek National Road 16 and then connecting with Mikra station and the rest of Line 2.[43]

Operations

Automation

The Thessaloniki Metro will be of GAO4 category,[44] the first of its kind in Greece, as starting, stopping, and the operation of doors will be fully automated without any on train staff.

Stations, depot and rolling stock

All 18 stations currently under construction were designed with platform screen doors for maximum protection, while the trains will be driverless.[7] Eighteen Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro units will be in service on Line 1, and 15 on Line 2.[7] The articulated, four-car trains will be 50 metres (160 ft) long.[45] They will have seating for 96 passengers and standing room for 370 more.[45] The trains will use 750 V DC third rail electrification, while tracks have been laid to the standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).[7] A carriage was on display at the September 2018 Thessaloniki International Fair before trial runs in 2019.[46] As of August 2019 two complete train sets have been delivered to the depot, with an additional train set expected every 2 to 3 months.[47] The system's level of automation has prompted Attiko Metro to call it "the most modern metro in Europe".[8]

A 50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft) depot is under construction with the intention of serving both lines, with a total built-up area of 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft) and a total cost of €130.5 million ($147.43 million).[8][48] Apart from being the system's automated remote control command centre, the complex will also house the offices of Elliniko Metro, the Thessaloniki Transport Authority (TheTA), and the Thessaloniki Metro operating company, as well as railway stock maintenance facilities, two restaurants, and a crèche.[49][50] It is expected that the development of the depot will attract investment to the area, and there have been calls to make provisions for a passenger station at the depot.[49] The depot complex is expected to be finished in May 2019.[50]

Fares and park and ride

As part of the initial design, 3,700 park and ride parking spaces were created – 1,050 spaces at N. Sid. Stathmos, 650 spaces Nea Elvetia, and a further 2,000 at Panepistimio, the system's halfway point serving Greece's largest university.[8] Additional parking will be created at Mikra, the terminus of Line 2.[51]

Elliniko Metro conducted a 2005 survey to determine Thessaloniki residents' preferred fare for the metro compared to the standard price of a Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) bus ticket (€0.50 at the time). Of the 400 respondents, 47.6 percent said that they were willing to pay the same price and 48.1 percent said they would pay more. Of the latter, 19.9 percent said that they would pay €0.60; 19.6 percent would pay €0.70, and 8.6 percent would be willing to pay €1.00 (double the cost of a bus ticket).[52] The remaining 4.7 percent responded with another fare. A standard 2023 single-trip OASTH bus ticket is €0.90, or €0.45 with a discount.[53]

Thessaloniki Metro will utilise an electronic card ticketing system as well as fare gates,[54] a system not originally implemented on the Athens Metro.

Archaeology

Map of the city, with the metro running east–west through its historic centre
The Thessaloniki Metro line (marked in yellow) runs through the city's historic centre below its Decumanus Maximus.

A large number of important archaeological finds, primarily Roman and early Christian and Byzantine, have been discovered during the metro's construction. The project triggered the largest archaeological dig in northern Greek history, covering a 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) area.[10] Between the new railway station and Sintrivani/Ekthesi, the metro runs below Egnatia Street (one of Thessaloniki's main arteries). Egnatia follows the Roman Via Egnatia, which connected Rome and Constantinople as one of the two most important roads in the Roman and Byzantine empires.[55] The portion of the Via Egnatia which passed through Thessaloniki was the city's Decumanus Maximus (main road), and runs below present-day Egnatia Street at 5.4 metres (18 ft) below ground level.[15]

Although the location of the Via Egnatia in Thessaloniki was known when the metro line was planned, it was uncertain what else was buried nearby. The metro was planned to run at 8 metres (26 ft) below ground, leaving only 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) between it and the ancient road. The discovery of a Byzantine road at Venizelou station was a major archaeological find: 75 metres (246 ft) of the marble-paved and column-lined road was unearthed, with shops, other buildings, and plumbing which one scholar called "the Byzantine Pompeii".[33] A crossroads, marked with a tetrapylon, was found at Venizelou where the Decumanus Maximus crossed a cardo (a north–south road).[56] An additional 22 metres (72 ft) of the same road was discovered at the Aghia Sofia station.[56] Issues concerning archaeological finds and the display of artefacts in the metro system are more complex than similar issues surrounding the construction of the New Acropolis Museum.[56]

Other important discoveries included a headless statue of Aphrodite, fourth-century-AD mosaics, a golden wreath, a bath complex, urban villas, and 50,000 coins.[57][58][59][60] Artifacts from the 1917 fire were also found.[61]

The discovery sparked controversy in Thessaloniki; Attiko Metro wanted to remove the antiquities and re-assemble them elsewhere, and the city's archaeological services wanted the company to alter the depth of the line and the station entrances. The city council sided with the archaeological services in 2015, three years after the metro was originally planned to begin service.[15] Mayor Yiannis Boutaris took the case to the Council of State, Greece's highest administrative court.[62] Attiko Metro redesigned the line, sinking the tunnels to depths from 14 to 31 metres (46 to 102 ft) and providing for mini-museums in the stations similar to the Syntagma metro station in Athens (which houses the Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection).[63] The Venizelou station will contain an open archaeological site, the world's first metro station to do so.[10][25]

The archaeological excavations are currently budgeted at €132 million ($149 million),[10] compared with the original archaeological budget of €15 million ($17 million),[15] and employ 300 archaeologists.[63] Over 300,000 artefacts have been unearthed to date.[10] The archaeological work is being carried out by the Ministry of Culture and Sports' Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities.

Construction delays have made the Thessaloniki Metro the subject of a number of jokes in Greece.[64][65][66][67] News satire websites such as To Koulouri have satirised the metro on numerous occasions with stories such as "Thessaloniki Metro will operate on a 24-hour basis during the Christmas rush"[68] and "Thessaloniki Metro enters its 763rd day of strike",[69] and it has been cited in satirical lyrics by the Greek rapper Tus.[70] Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras joked about the delays at the 2018 Thessaloniki International Fair: "What's happening with the metro, guys? Will it get built here?"[71]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Elliniko Metro S.A. "Extensions". www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. To this end, ELLINIKO METRO S.A. is designing and suggesting a solution combining both individual extensions into a circular line of a unified form.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Η Συνέντευξη τoυ Γιάννη Μυλόπουλου για το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Giannis Mylopoulos' interview about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.ypodomes.gr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  3. 1 2 Attiko Metro S.A. "Thessaloniki Metro Lines Development Plan" (PDF). www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  4. ↑ "Μυλόπουλος: Το 2020 θα κυκλοφορούν καθημερινά 320.000 επιβάτες με το μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [Mylopoulos: In 2020 320,000 people will travel on the Thessaloniki metro system]. www.movenews.gr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  5. 1 2 "Τον Δεκέμβριο του 2023 έτοιμο το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης | Kathimerini". www.kathimerini.gr. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  6. ↑ "Κλείδωσε η διαχείριση του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης στο σχήμα ATM-EGIS" [Management of the Thessaloniki Metro by ATM-EGIS has been confirmed]. www.ypodomes.gr. 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Technical Description (PDF), Attiko Metro S.A., 1 December 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2018
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Attiko Metro S.A. "Ιστορικό" [History]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  9. 1 2 Attiko Metro S.A. "Extension to Kalamaria". www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "ΑΤΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ: "Το Μέτρο στη πόλη μας" με το πρώτο του βαγόνι. Συμμετοχή της Αττικό Μετρό Α.Ε. στην 83η Δ.Ε.Θ." [Attiko Metro: "The Metro in our city" with the first carriage. The participation of Attiko Metro S.A. at the 83rd Thessaloniki International Fair]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  11. ↑ Newsroom (4 September 2022). "Καραγιάννης: Η Θεσσαλονίκη θα έχει μετρό στα τέλη του 2023". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  12. ↑ "After 18 Years Construction, Thessaloniki's Metro Will Open in 2024". The National Herald. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  13. 1 2 Naniopoulos, Aristotelis; Nalmpantis, Dimitrios. Συστήµατα σταθερής τροχιάς στην πόλη της Θεσσαλονίκης. Ιστορική αναδροµή (1889-1968) [Fixed-track systems in Thessaloniki. Historical Retrospective (1889-1968)] (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Gerolympou, Alexandra (1995). Η Ανοικοδόμηση της Θεσσαλονίκης Μετά την Πυρκαγιά του 1917 [The Rebuilding of Thessaloniki after the Great Fire of 1917] (in Greek) (Second ed.). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Press.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Skai TV. "Ιστορίες: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Stories: Thessaloniki Metro]. www.skai.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  16. ↑ "Πώς το σχέδιο Εμπράρ άλλαξε την εικόνα της Θεσσαλονίκης" [How the Hébrard plan changed the image of Thessaloniki]. www.voria.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Κι όμως! Το ΜΕΤΡΟ Θεσσαλονίκης είναι έτοιμο (στα χαρτιά) από το 1987!" [It's true! The Thessaloniki Metro was ready (on paper) in 1987 already!]. www.karfitsa.gr (in Greek). 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  18. 1 2 "Γ. Μυλόπουλος: Όλοι οι σταθμοί του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης έχουν ολοκληρωθεί κατασκευαστικά" [G. Mylopoulos: construction on all Thessaloniki Metro stations has finished] (in Greek). Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  19. ↑ Technical Description (PDF), Attiko Metro S.A., 18 June 2018, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2018
  20. ↑ "New metro improves quality of life in Thessaloniki". www.ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  21. ↑ ""Φρένο" στη Μακεδονικό Μετρό από την Ε.Ε." [The EU has put "the brakes" on Makedoniko Metro]. www.tanea.gr (in Greek). Ta Nea. 24 January 2003. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  22. 1 2 Attiko Metro S.A. "Funding". www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  23. 1 2 "Χρηματοοικονομικές Καταστάσεις για τη χρήση που έληξε την 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2017" [Annual Financial Statements for the Year Ending on 31 December 2017] (PDF). www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 31 December 2017. p. 9.
  24. 1 2 "Χρηματοδότηση – ΑΤΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ Α.Ε." [Funding – Attiko Metro]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 3 August 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  25. 1 2 3 "The first Metro network with ancient monuments". www.yougoculture.com. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  26. 1 2 3 Attiko Metro S.A. "THESSALONIKI METRO: The Metromole activities have come to an end". www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  27. ↑ "THESSALONIKI METRO: "The Metro in our City" – ΑΤΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ Α.Ε." www.ametro.gr. 12 November 2018. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  28. ↑ Karagiannis, Nikos (8 November 2018). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Ανατροπή με λειτουργία το 2020 σε όλη τη γραμμή από το Νέο Σιδηροδρομικό Σταθμό μέχρι Νέα Ελβετία - ypodomes.com" [Thessaloniki Metro: Operational in 2020 on the entire line from the New Railway Station to Nea Elvetia]. www.ypodomes.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  29. ↑ "Εξοπλισμένες με θύρες ασφαλείας οι αποβάθρες των σταθμών του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [The Thessaloniki Metro platforms are equipped with safety doors]. www.ypodomes.com (in Greek). 12 February 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  30. ↑ "Καραμανλής: Τέλος του 2022 με αρχές 2023 έτοιμο το μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Karamanlis: The Thessaloniki Metro will be ready between the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2023]. Καραμανλής: Τέλος του 2022 με αρχές 2023 έτοιμο το μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης (in Greek). voria.gr. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  31. ↑ Kokkaliari, Katerina (10 September 2019). "Καραμανλής: Αρχές του 2023 θα είναι έτοιμο το μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Karamanlis: The Thessaloniki Metro will be ready between the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2023]. www.euro2day.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  32. ↑ Karavokyri, Anna (10 September 2019). "Καραμανλής: Στις αρχές του 2023 θα είναι έτοιμο το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης - Σύγκρουση για τα αρχαία στη Βουλή" [Karamanlis: The Thessaloniki Metro will be ready between the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2023]. www.dikaiologitika.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  33. 1 2 Giorgos Christides (14 March 2013). "Thessaloniki metro: Ancient dilemma for modern Greece". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  34. 1 2 "Για πρώτη φορά οι βυζαντινολόγοι της υφηλίου παίρνουν θέση υπέρ της διάσωσης των αρχαίων της Βενιζέλου" [For the first time the Byzantinologists of the world take a stand in favour of the rescue of the antiquities at Venizelou]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek and English). 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  35. 1 2 Karagiannis, Nikos (11 September 2019). "Στα δικαστήρια (ξανά) για τα αρχαία του σταθμού ΒΕΝΙΖΕΛΟΥ" [To court (again) over the antiquities at Venizelou]. www.ypodomes.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  36. ↑ Ioannidis, Sakis (12 September 2019). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Ο γρίφος του σταθμού Βενιζέλου" [Thessaloniki Metro: The puzzle of Venizelou station]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Kathimerini. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  37. ↑ "Τον Απρίλιο του 2023 έτοιμο το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης | Kathimerini". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  38. 1 2 "Τοπογραφικές μελέτες για την επέκταση του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης προς Αεροδρόμιο "Μακεδονία"" [Topographical studies for the extension of the Thessaloniki Metro to the "Makedonia" Airport] (PDF) (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  39. ↑ Attiko Metro S.A. "Thessaloniki Metro Map". www.ametro.gr. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  40. ↑ "Thessaloniki Metro: New circular line to connect the entire city". Ypodomes. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  41. ↑ "ΜΕΤΡΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ: Ξεκινά η επόμενη μέρα για τις συγκοινωνίες στη Θεσσαλονίκη" [Thessaloniki Metro: A new beginning for transport in Thessaloniki]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  42. ↑ Karagiannis, Nikos (12 March 2019). ""Ντεμπούτο" για την επέκταση του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης στο Αεροδρόμιο Μακεδονία" ["Deput" for the expansion of the Thessaloniki Metro to Makedonia Airport] (in Greek). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  43. ↑ "Σχέδιο Προσαρτήματος" [Attached Plan] (PDF) (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  44. ↑ Καραγιάννης, Νίκος (27 November 2023). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: "Τσεκ" από Κομισιόν για έργα και διαγωνισμό συντήρησης-λειτουργίας". Ypodomes.com (in Greek). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  45. 1 2 "Salonicco". Hitachi Rail Italy. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  46. ↑ "Αυτό είναι το πρώτο βαγόνι του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [This is the first carriage of the Thessaloniki Metro] (in Greek). Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  47. ↑ "Στη Θεσσαλονίκη έφτασε και δεύτερος συρμός Μετρό" [The second train set has arrived in Thessaloniki]. www.ypodomes.gr (in Greek). 2 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  48. ↑ Kokolakos, Vaggelis (13 September 2017). "Το εντυπωσιακό αμαξοστάσιο του μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης στην Πυλαία επισκέφθηκε ο Χρ. Σπίρτζης" [Christos Spirtzis visited the impressive depot of the Thessaloniki Metro in Pylaia]. www.thestival.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  49. 1 2 Karagiannis, Nikos (12 March 2018). "Tο Αμαξοστάσιο του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης γίνεται το νέο εμβληματικό κτίριο της πόλης" [The Thessaloniki Metro depot is turning into the most emblematic building in the city]. www.ypodomes.com (in Greek). Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  50. 1 2 "Στην Πυλαία βρίσκεται η καρδιά του Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [The heart of the Thessaloniki Metro is in Pylaia]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). 27 April 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  51. ↑ Attiko Metro S.A. "Extension to Kalamaria". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  52. ↑ Brebbia, C. A. (2008). Urban Transport XIV: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century. WIT Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781845641238.
  53. ↑ "Κόμιστρα" [Fares]. oasth.gr (in Greek). Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  54. ↑ Ο πρώτος σταθμός του μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης [The first Thessaloniki Metro station] (Video) (in Greek). Skai TV on YouTube. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019.
  55. ↑ Wang, George C. (24 June 2016). The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction. Woodhead Publishing. p. 340. ISBN 9780081003978.
  56. 1 2 3 Zosia, Archibald; Morgan, Catherine; Smith, David M.; Murphy-Smith, Helen; Pitt, Robert; Papadopoulou, Chryssanthi; Marchand, Fabienne; Haysom, Matthew; Livarda, Alexandra; Stewart, Daniel (2013). "Archaeology in Greece 2013–2014". The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (60): 9, 100. JSTOR 43187051.
  57. ↑ "Greece: subway construction unearths ancient Aphrodite statue and stunning mosaic floors". www.newsweek.com. Newsweek. 26 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  58. ↑ "Thessaloniki subway dig unearths secrets of 'city under the city'". The Straits Times. 28 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  59. ↑ "The Golden Wreaths of the Thessaloniki Metro Excavations". www.biblicalarchaeology.org. Biblical Archaeology Society. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  60. ↑ "Archaeologists unearth headless Aphrodite statue in Thessaloniki". www.diaspora.parliament.gr. Hellenic Parliament. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  61. ↑ "Θεσσαλονίκη: Ολα τα αρχαία που αναδύθηκαν μέσω… Μετρό" [Thessaloniki: All the antiquities that surfaced via... the metro]. www.protagon.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  62. ↑ "Construction of Thessaloniki Metro to resume after agreement reached". www.tovima.gr. To Vima. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  63. 1 2 Attiko Metro S.A. "Αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές" [Archaeological excavations]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  64. ↑ "Υπάρχουν τα μετρό…και το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης!" [There's metros... and then there's the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  65. ↑ Papadimitriou, Georgios (24 September 2016). "ΟΑΣΘ – Θεσσαλονίκη: μία σχέση χυδαίας εξάρτησης" [OASTH – Thessaloniki: a relationship of gross dependency]. www.typosthes.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  66. ↑ Makrogiannelis, Giannis (8 July 2016). "Ήμουν Νιός και Γέρασα: Τριάντα Χρόνια Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης Χωρίς Μετρό στη Θεσσαλονίκη" [I was Young and now I'm Old: Thirty Years of Thessaloniki Metro without a Metro in Thessaloniki]. www.vice.gr (in Greek). Vice News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  67. ↑ "Ένα χρόνο ακόμη έχουμε για να κάνουμε αστεία με το Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [We only have one more year left to make jokes about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.luben.tv (in Greek). Luben. 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  68. ↑ "Ως Χριστουγεννιάτικο χωριό θα λειτουργεί το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης για την περίοδο των εορτών". www.tokoulouri.com. To Koulouri. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  69. ↑ "Συνεχίζεται για 763η ημέρα η απεργία στο μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης". www.tokoulouri.com. To Koulouri. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  70. ↑ "Στίχοι: Tus & Marinos - Όμορφη Σαλονικιά". www.radiomelodia.gr (in Greek). 10 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018. Μου 'πε πως η αγάπη μας αντέχει / Και ότι είναι σαν το μετρό, δεν θα τελείωνε ποτέ [She told me that our love will endure / And that it's like the metro, it will never end]
  71. ↑ Chatzinikolaou, Nikos (8 September 2018). "Το αστείο του Τσίπρα στον Σπίρτζη για το Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [Tsipras' joke to Spirtzis about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.real.gr. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

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