These are lists of the most common Chinese surnames in China (People's Republic of China), Taiwan (Republic of China), and the Chinese diaspora overseas as provided by authoritative government or academic sources. Chinese names also form the basis for many common Cambodian, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese surnames and to an extent, Filipino surnames in both translation and transliteration into those languages.

The conception of China as consisting of the "old 100 families" (Chinese: 老百姓; pinyin: Lǎo Bǎi Xìng; lit. 'Old Hundred Surnames') is an ancient and traditional one, the most notable tally being the Song-era Hundred Family Surnames (Chinese: 百家姓; pinyin: Bǎi Jiā Xìng). Even today, the number of surnames in China is a little over 4,000,[1] while the year 2000 US census found there are more than 6.2 million surnames altogether[2] and that the number of surnames held by 100 or more Americans (per name) was just over 150,000.[3]

The Chinese expression "Three Zhang Four Li" (simplified Chinese: 张三李四; traditional Chinese: 張三李四; pinyin: Zhāng Sān Lǐ Sì) is used to mean "anyone" or "everyone",[4] but the most common surnames are currently Wang in mainland China[5] and Chen in Taiwan.[6] A commonly cited factoid from the 1990 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world,[7] but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have not repeated the claim. However, Zhang Wei (张伟) is the most common full name in mainland China.[8]

The top five surnames in China – Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu, Chen – are also the top five surnames in the world, each with over 70-100 million worldwide.

Greater China

China

This list of the 100 most common Chinese surnames derives from China's Ministry of Public Security's annual report on the top 100 surnames in China, with the latest report release in January 2020 for the year 2019.[9] When the 1982 Chinese census was first published, it did not include a list of top surnames. However, in 2004, the State Post Bureau subsequently used the census data to release a series of commemorative stamps in honor of the then-most-common surnames in 2004.[10][11]

The summary of the 2007 survey revealed China had approximately 92,881,000 Wangs (7.25% of the population), 92,074,000 Lis (7.19%), and 87,502,000 Zhangs (6.83%).[5]

A 2018 survey showed that Liu and Chen were the next most common China with more than 70 million each.[12]

These top five surnames— Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu, Chen—alone accounted for more people than Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world,[13] and their total number is around the population of the US, the third most populous country in the world.

The next five--Yang, Huang, Zhao, Wu, and Zhou—were each shared by more than 20 million Chinese. Twelve more  Xu, Sun, Ma, Zhu, Hu, Guo, He, Gao, Lin, Luo, Zheng, and Liang  were each shared by more than 10 million.

All together, the top hundred surnames accounted for 84.77% of China's population.[5][14] By way of comparison, the 2000 census found the most common surname in the United States  Smith  had fewer than 2.4 million occurrences and made up only 0.84% of the general population. The top 100 surnames accounted for only 16.4% of the US population,[3] and reaching 89.8% of the US population required more than 150,000 surnames.[2]

Surname list

Romanizations
Rank Character Mandarin Cantonese Min Nan Hakka Gan Wu Other
2019 Trad. Simp. Pinyin Wade–Giles Jyutping HK Other POJ[lower-alpha 1] Other PFS Other GP Other Shanghainese romanization Other
1 Wáng Wang2 Wong4 Wong Vang Ông Wung

Heng

Vòng Wong Uōng Wong Waon Whang Viet. Vương
Kor. Wang (왕)
Jpn. Ō
Phil. Ong, Wong, Wang, Heng
2 Li3 Lei5 Lee
Li
Ly Lee Lee Lee Li Lee Viet.
N. Kor. Ri (),
S. Kor. Yi, Lee, Rhee ()
Jpn. Ri
Phil. Dy, Lee, Li, Dee, Sy
3 Zhāng Chang1 Zoeng1 Cheung Cheong
Chong
Tiuⁿ (X, Q, K, T)
Tioⁿ (Z)
Teo
Teoh
Tio
Chông Chong Tong Cheong
Thong
Tsan Tzan Zan Viet. Trương
Kor. Jang ()
Jpn. Chō
Phil. Tiu, Tiong, Chong
Idn. Sutiono, Tjong
4 Liú Liu2 Lau4 Lau Lao
Lou
Lưu
Lâu Lau
Low
Lao
Liù Liew Liu Lew
Lieu
Lieu Lio Viet. Lưu
Kor. Yu/Yoo ()
Phil. Lao, Lew
Jpn. Ryū
5 Chén Ch'en2 Can4 Chan Chun
Chean
Chin
Tân Tan
Tang
Ting
Chhìn Chin Thín Thin
Chin
Zen Tchen Viet. Trần
Kor. Jin ()
Phil. Tan, Chan, Tantoco, Tanteksi
Jpn. Chin
6 Yáng Yang2 Joeng4 Yeung Yeong
Ieong
Young
Iûⁿ (X, Q, K, T)
Iôⁿ (Z)
Yeoh
Yeo
Yo
Nyo
Yòng Yong
Yeong
Iōng Yeong Yan Yang Ian Viet. Dương
Kor. Yang ()
Phil. Yu, Young, Yung, Yang, Yana, Yongco, Yuchengco
Jpn.
Misc. Yana
7 Huáng Huang2 Wong4 Wong Wang
Vong
N̂g (X, Q, K, T)
Ûiⁿ (Z)
Ng
Ung
Ooi
Uy
Wee
Vòng Wong
Wung
Uōng Wong
Fong
Waon Whang Viet. Hoàng/Huỳnh
Kor. Hwang ()
Phil. Ng, Uy, Wee, Wong
Jpn.
8 Zhào Chao4 Ziu6 Chiu Chu
Chio
Jiu
Tiō (X, Z, K, T)
Tiǒ (Q)
Teo
Teoh
Chhau Chau Thèu Cheu
Chew
Zau Zo Viet. Triệu
Kor. Jo ()
Phil. Tio, Chiu, Chio, Chu
Jpn. Chō
9 Wu2 Ng4 Ng Ung, Eng Gô͘
Ngô͘ (X, Q, K, T)
Goh Ǹg Ng Ng Ng Wu
Ng
Eng Woo Viet. Ngô
Kor. Oh ()
Jpn. Go / Kure
Phil. Go, Ngo, Goh, Wu, Gozon, Gozum, Cinco, Gochian, Gokongwei, Gosiengfiao
Misc. Woo
10 Zhōu Chou1 Zau1 Chow
Chau
Jao,
Chau,

Chao

Chiu Chew
Jew
Chiû Chew
Chiew
Tiu Chew
Cheu
Tseu Tzo Viet. Chu, Châu
Kor. Ju ()
Jpn. Shū
Phil. Chiu, Jao, Chow
Misc. Joe
11 Hsü2 Ceoi4 Tsui Choi
Chui
Tsua
Chhî (X, Z, K, T)
Sîr (Q)
Chee
Cher
Cheu
Swee
Ji
Jee
Chhì Chi Chhié Chee
Chui
Zee Zi Viet. Từ
Kor. Seo ()
Jpn. Sho
Phil. Choi
Idn. Dharmadjie
Christiadjie
12 Sūn Sun1 Syun1 Suen Sun Sng (X, Q, K, T)
Sun (X, Q, K, T)
Suiⁿ (Z)
Sng
Soon
Sûn Sun Sun Suen Sen Sun Viet. Tôn
Kor. Son ()
Jpn. Son
Phil. Suan, Soon, Son
13 Ma3 Maa5 Ma Mah
Mar

(K, T)
Bey
Beh
Baey
Ma Mo Mu
Ma
Viet.
Kor. Ma ()
Phil. Ma/Mapua
Jpn. Ba
14 Zhū Chu1 Zyu1 Chu Chue Chu Choo Chû Choo Tu Chu Tsy
Tsyu
Tzu
Chu
Viet. Châu
Kor. Ju ()
Jpn. Shu
Phil. Chu
Can. Gee
Misc. Ju
15 Hu2 Wu4 Wu Woo,
Vu
Ô͘ Oh
Ow
Aw
Foo Ū Wu
Foo
Wu Woo Viet. Hồ
Kor. Ho ()
Jpn. Ko
Phil. Hu, Ho
16 Guō Kuo1 Gwok3 Kwok Kuok Koeh (Z, K, T)
Keh (X)
Kerh (Q)
Kueh
Koay
Quay
Kwek
Quek Kwik
Kwok Kwok
Kok
Kuok Kwok Koh Goh
Kueh
Koq
Viet. Quách
Kor. Gwak ()
Jpn. Kaku
Phil. Que, Cue, Quezon, Quison, Ker, Kho, Kwok, Kue
17 2
Ho2
Ho4 Ho Hoe Ho
Hor
Hou
Ho Ho Wu Woo Viet.
Kor. Ha ()
Phil. Ho
Jpn. Ka
18 Lín Lin2 Lam4 Lam Lum Lîm Lim Lìm Lim Līm Līm Lin Ling Viet. Lâm
Kor. Lim/Im/Rim
(/)
Phil. Lim
Jpn. Rin/Hayashi
19 Gāo Kao1 Gou1 Ko Kou
Go
Ko (X, Z, K, T)
Ko͘ (Q)
Ko
Kor

Kau
Koo Kou Kou Kau Ko
Gau
Viet. Cao
Kor. Go ()
Jpn.
Phil. Caw, Co, Ko, Gao
20 Luó Lo2 Lo4 Lo Law
Loh, Lowe
Lor
Lo
Lor
Law
Law
Lo
Loh

Law
Lu Loo Viet. La
Kor. Na/La/Ra
(/)
Phil. Lo
Jpn. Ra
21 Zhèng Cheng4 Zeng6 Cheng Cheang
Chiang
Tēⁿ (K)
Tīⁿ (X, T)
Tìⁿ (Q)
Tēeⁿ (Z)
Tay
Teh
Chhang Chang Thàng Zen Zung Viet. Trịnh
Kor. Jeong ()
Jpn. Tei
Phil. Ty, Tee, Cheng, Chiang
22 Liáng Liang2 Loeng4 Leung Leong
Lang
Leng
Niû (X, Q, K, T)
Niô͘ (Z)
Neo Liòng Leong Liōng Lian Viet. Lương
Kor. Yang/Ryang (/)
Phil. Leong, Liong, Leung, Niu
Jpn. Ryō
23 Xiè Hsieh4 Ze6 Tse Che Chiā (Z, K)
Siā (X, T)
Sià (Q)
Chia
Cheah
Seah
Tshia Cheah Chhià Zia Viet. Tạ
Kor. Sa ()
Jpn. Sha
Can. Tsia
Phil. Sia, Saa, Sese, Chia, Tse
Misc. Shie
24 Sòng Sung4 Sung3 Sung Sòng
Sàng (K, T)
Song Sung Song
Soong
Sūng Son Sung
Soong
Viet. Tống
Kor. Song ()
Jpn.
Phil. Song, Songco, Soong, Sung
Misc. Soong
25 Táng T'ang2 Tong4 Tong Tn̂g
Tông (X, Z, K, T)
Tng
Tang
Thòng Tong
Thong
Thóng Daon Daan Viet. Đường
Kor. Dang ()
Phil. Teng
Jpn.
26 [17] Hsü3 Heoi2 Hui Hoi Khó͘ Koh
Khoh
Ko
Hee Siu Syu
Shiu
Viet. Hái, Hứa
Kor. Heo ()
Jpn. Kyo
Phil. Kho, Ko, Co, Kaw, Cojuangco
27 Dèng Teng2 Dang6 Tang Theng Tēng (X, Z, K, T)
Tèng (Q)
Teng Then Ten
Then
Thèn Den Viet. Đặng
Kor. Deung ()
Jpn.
Phil. Deang/Teng, Tengco, Tangco
28 Hán Han2 Hon4 Hon Hân Hang
Han
Hòn Hon Hón Ghoe Reu Viet. Hàn
Kor. Han ()
Jpn. Kan
Misc. Hang
29 Féng Feng2 Fung4 Fung Fong Pâng Pang Fùng
Phùng
Foong Fūng Von Vong Viet. Phùng
Kor. Pung ()
Jpn.
Phil. Fung, Pangco, Pang
30 Cáo Ts'ao2 Cou4 Cho
Tso
Chaw Chô (X, Z, K, T)
Chô͘ (Q)
Chow Tshò
Tshàu
Cho
Chaw
Chhóu Zau Zo Viet. Tào
Kor. Jo ()
Jpn.
31 Péng P'eng2 Pang4 Pang Banh Phêⁿ (K)
Phîⁿ (X, Q, T)
Phêeⁿ (Z)
Peh
Phe
Phàng Phang Pháng Ban Viet. Bành
Kor. Paeng ()
Jpn.
Phil. Beng, Pang, Pangco
Khmer Pay
32 Zēng Tseng1 Zang1 Tsang Chang
Dong
Chan Chan Tsên Chen Chen Tsen Tzen
Tsung
Viet. Tăng
Kor. Jeung ()
Jpn.
Idn. Tjan
Phil. Chan, Chang
Misc. Tzeng
33 Xiāo Hsiao1 Siu1 Siu
Shiu
Sio Siau (X, Z, K, T)
Sio (X, Q, K, T)
Seow
Siau
Siow
Siâu Siew
Siaw
Sieu Siau Shio Viet. Tiêu
Kor. So ()
Phil. Siao, Syaw, Shau, Shao, Shaw
Jpn. Shō
34 Tián T'ien2 Tin4 Tin Chan Tiân Chan
Chang
Thièn Thien
Then
Thién Di Dee Viet. Điền
Kor. Jeon (전)
Phil. Tian, Tien
Jpn. Ten
35 Dǒng Tung3 Dung2 Tung Tong Táng
Tóng (Z)
Tong Túng Tung Tûng Ton Tung
Toong
Viet. Đổng
Kor. Dong ()
Phil. Tong, Tung
Jpn.
36 Pān P'an1 Pun1 Poon
Pun
Pun Phoaⁿ Phua Phân Pan
Phan
Phon Phoe Poe Viet. Phan
Kor. Ban ()
Jpn. Han
Phil. Pua, Pan, Poon
37 Yuán Yüan2 Jyun4 Yuen Wan Oân Wang Yèn Yen Iōn Yoe Yoo
Yeu
Viet. Viên
Kor. Won ()
Jpn. En
Phil. Yan
38 Cài Ts'ai4 Coi3 Choi Choy
Tsoi
Toy
Chhoà Chua Chhai Chai
Choi
Chhói Tsa Viet. Thái
Sái
Kor. Chae ()
Jpn. Sai
Can. Chai
Phil. Chua, Chuah, Cua, Choa, Choi, Chai, Tsai
Misc. Tsay
39 Jiǎng Chiang3 Zoeng2 Tseung Cheung Chiúⁿ (X, Q, K, T)
Chióⁿ (Z)
Cheoh
Chioh
Tsiòng Cheong Chiông Cian Jian Viet. Tưởng
Kor. Jang ()
Jpn. Shō
Phil. Chio, Chiu, Chung
40 2 You4 Yu
Yue
U
Yee
Î (Z, K, T)
Û (X, K, T)
Îr (Q)
Ee
Eu
Yee Yu Viet.
Kor. Yeo ()
Jpn. Yo
Idn. Ie, Iman, Oe
Phil. Yee, Yu
41 2 You1 Yue U Î (Z)
Û (X)
U (Q, K, T)
Yee Yee Iu Ü
Yu
Viet. Vu
Kor. U ()
Jpn. U
42 Tu4 Dou6 To Do
Tou
Tō͘ (X, Z, K, T)
Tǒ͘ (Q)
Toh Thu To
Toh
Thù Du Viet. Đỗ
Kor. Du ()
Jpn. To
Phil. To
43 Yeh4 Jip6 Yip Ip
Yeap
Ia̍p Yap Ya̍p Yap Iep Yih Yiq Viet. Diệp
Kor. Seop/Yeop
(/)
Jpn.
Phil. Yap, Ip
Misc. Yee, Ee
44 Chéng Ch'eng2 Cing4 Ching Cheng Thiâⁿ (X, Q, K, T)
Thêeⁿ (Z)
Thia Chhàng
Chhìn
Chang
Chin
Tháng Zen Zung Viet. Trình
Kor. Jeong ()
Jpn. Tei
45 Wèi Wei4 Ngai6 Ngai   Gūi (X, Z, K, T)
Gùi (Q)
Ngwee
Ngui
Ngui Ngui
Wee
Ngùi Ngue
We
Wae Viet. Nguỵ
Ngụy
Kor. Wi ()
Jpn. Gi
Phil. Wee
46 Su1 Sou1 So
Sou So͘ Soh Soo Su Su Soo Viet.
Kor. So ()
Jpn. So
Phil. So, Solon
Misc. Soo
47 3 Leoi5 Lui Loi (X, T)
(Z, K)
Lǐr (Q)
Lee
Leu
Ler
Loo
Lee Liê Li Lee Viet. Lữ
Kor. Yeo/Ryeo
(/)
Jpn. Ryo
Phil. Lu, Loo, Luy
48 Dīng Ting1 Ding1
Teng4
Ting Ding
Teng Teng Tén Ten Tiang Tin Viet. Đinh
Kor. Jeong ()
Jpn. Tei
Phil. Ting, Tin
49 Rén Jen4 Jam6 Yam Iam
Yum
Jîm (Z, K)
Lîm (X, Q)
Līm (T)
Jim Ngim Ngim
Yim
Nìm Nin Nying Viet. Nhiệm
Nhậm
Kor. Im ()
Jpn. Jin
50 Lu2 Lou4 Lo Lou Lô͘ Loh Loo Lu Viet.
Kor. No/Ro
(/)
Jpn. Ro
51 Yáo Yao2 Jiu4 Yiu Yeow
Io
Iu
Iâu Yeo Yào Yow Iēu Yau Yau Viet. Diêu
Kor. Yo ()
Jpn.
Phil. Yao
52 Shěn Shen3 Sam2 Shum
Sum
Sham
Sam
Shum
Sím Sim Shím
Sím
Sim Sím Sen Sung Viet. Thẩm
Trầm
Kor. Sim/Shim ()
Jpn. Shin
53 Zhōng Chung1 Zung1 Chung Chong Chiong
Cheng (K, T)
Cheng Chûng
Tsung
Chong
Chung
Tung Tson Tzon
Tsung
Viet. Chung
Kor. Jong ()
Jpn. Shō
Phil. Chiong, Chong, Chung
54 Jiāng Chiang1 Goeng1 Keung Geung
Keong
Khiang (Z)
Khiong (X, K, T)
Khiuⁿ (Q)
Kiang Kiông Keong Kiong Cian Jian Viet. Khương
Kor. Kang ()
Jpn. Kyō
55 Cuī Ts'ui1 Ceoi1 Chui Choi Chhui Chui
Chwee
Tshûi Chooi Chhoi Tsoe Tseu Viet. Thôi
Kor. Choi ()
Jpn. Sai
Misc. Tseui
56 Tán T'an2 Taam4 Tam Tom
Ham
Hom
Thâm Tham Thàm Tham Thóm De Dae Viet. Đàm
Kor. Dam ()
Jpn. Tan
Phil. Tam
57 Lu4 Luk6 Luk Lok Lio̍k Loke
Lek
Liu̍k Luk Liuk Loh Loq Viet. Lục
Kor. Yuk/Ryuk
(/)
Jpn. Riku
Phil. Diokno
58 Fàn Fan4 Faan6 Fan   Hoān (X, Z, K, T)
Hoǎn (Q)Hwan
Huang
Hoan
Hwan
Fam Fam
Hoan
Hwan
Fàn Ve Vae Viet. Phạm
Kor. Beom ()
Jpn. Han
Phil. Juan, Hwan
59 Wāng Wang1 Wong1 Wong Wung   Ong (X, Q, K, T)
Óng (Z)
Wang Vong Wong Uong Waon Whang Viet. Uông
Kor. Wang ()
Jpn. Ō
Phil. Ong, Ang
60 Liào Liao4 Liu6 Liu Lew
Leow
Liew
Lio
Liāu (X, Z, K, T)
Liàu (Q)
Leow
Liau
Liow
Liau Liew
Liau
Lièu Liau Viet. Liêu
Liệu
Kor. Ryo ()
Jpn. Ryō
61 Shí Shih2 Sek6 Shek Sek
Seac
Seak
Chio̍h Chioh
Cheoh
Sha̍k
Sak
Shak Sak Zah Zaq Viet. Thạch
Kor. Seok (석)
Jpn. Seki
62 Jīn Chin1 Gam1 Kam Gum Kim Kim Kîm Kim Kim Cin Jin Viet. Kim
Kor. Kim ()
Jpn. Kin
63 Wéi Wei2 Wai4 Wai Vai Ûi (X, Q, K, T)
Úi (Z)
Wee Vúi
Wooi
Wee
We Viet. Vi
Kor. Wi ()
Jpn. I
Phil. Wee, Uy
64 Jiǎ Chia3 Gaa2 Ka Ga  (X, Q, K, T)
Kée (Z)
Kia Ka Cia Jia Viet. Giả
Kor. Ga ()
Go ()
Jpn. Ka
65 Xià Hsia2 Haa6 Ha   (K, T)
(X, K, T)
(Q)
Hēe (Z)
Hah
Hay
Ha Ha Gho Ya
Wo
Viet. Hạ
Kor. Ha ()
Jpn. Ka
66 Fu4 Fu6 Fu
Foo
  Pò͘ Poh Fu Fu Fu Foo Viet. Phó
Kor. Bu ()
Jpn. Fu
Phil. Po
67 Fāng Fang1 Fong1 Fong   Hong (X, Q, K, T)
Png (X, Q, K, T)
Puiⁿ (Z)
Pung Fông Fong Fong Faon Faan Viet. Phương
Kor. Bang ()
Jpn.
68 Zōu Tsou1 Zau1 Chau
Chow
Jao
Chau
Chau (K, T)
Cho͘ (X, Z, K, T)
Cho (Q)
Che (Z)
Chou
Choh
Tsêu Chew
Chiew
Chiu Tseu Tzeu Viet. Châu
Kor. Chu ()
Jpn. Shū
Phil. Chou
69 Xióng Hsiung2 Hung4 Hung Hong Hîm Him Yùng Yoong Hiūng Yon Yoong Viet. Hùng
Kor. Ung ()
Jpn.
Phil. Hung
70 Bái Pai2 Baak6 Pak Bahk Pe̍h
Pe̍k (Z)
Peh Pha̍k Pak
Phak
Phak Bah Baq Viet. Bạch
Kor. Baek ()
Jpn. Haku
Misc. Bo
71 Mèng Meng4 Maang6 Mang   Bēng (X, Z, K, T)
Bèng (Q)
Meng Men Mang Màng Man Viet. Mạnh
Kor. Maeng ()
Jpn.
72 Qín Ch'in2 Ceon4 Chun Tseun
Tseon
Chon
Chîn Ching Tshìn Chin Chhín Zhin Zin Viet. Tần
Kor. Jin ()
Jpn. Shin
Phil. Ching
73 Qiū1 Ch'iu1 Jau1 Yau Iao
Iau
Khu Khoo
Kho
Khiû
Hiû
Hew
Khew
Khiu Chieu Viet. Khâu
Kor. Gu ()
Jpn. Kyū
Mal. Hew, Hiew
Chiew
Phil. Coo, Khoo
Misc. Chiou
74 Hóu Hou2 Hau4 Hau Hao Hô͘ (X, Z)
Hâu (Q, K, T)
Kâu (X, Q, Z)
Hoh
Hau
Hèu Hew Héu Gheu Roe Viet. Hầu
Kor. Hu
(
Jpn.
Phil. Caw, Ho
75 Jiāng Chiang1 Gong1 Kong   Kang Kang Kông Kong Kong Kaon Kang Viet. Giang
Kor. Gang ()
Jpn.
Phil. Kang
Misc. Kiang
76 Yǐn Yin3 Wan5 Wan   Ún (K, T)
Ín (X, Q, Z)
Un
Eun
Eung
Yún Yoon Ín Yin Viet. Doãn
Kor. Yun ()
Jpn. In
Phil. Unson
77 Xuē Hsüeh1 Sit3 Sit   Sih Siet Set Siot Shih Siq Viet. Tiết
Kor. Seol ()
Jpn. Setsu
78 Yán Yen2 Jim4 Yim Im Giâm Ngiam Ngiàm Ngiam
Yam
Iēm Ni Gni
Nyi
Viet. Diêm
Kor. Yeom ()
Jpn. En
79 Duàn Tuan4 Dyun6 Tuen Tun Toān (X, Z, K, T)
Toàn (Q)
Tng
Teung
Thon Ton
Thon
Thòn Doe Deu Viet. Đoàn
Kor. Dan ()
Jpn. Dan
80 Léi Lei2 Leoi4 Lui Loi Lûi Lui Lùi Looi
Lui
Lōi Le Lae
Lei
Viet. Lôi
Kor. Roe ()
Noe ()
Jpn. Rai
Phil. Lui, Luy
Hoisan Louie, Louis
81 Lóng Lung2 Lung4 Lung
Loong
Long Lêng (K, T)
Liông
Leng
Liong
Liùng Loong Liūng Lon Lung Viet. Long
Kor. Yong/Ryong
(/)
Jpn. Ryō
Phil. Leong, Liong, Wee
82 Li2 Lai4 Lai  
  • Loy
  • Loi
  • Lài
  • Lee
  • Lai
Lee Viet.
Kor.
Yeo/Ryeo
Jpn. Rei
83 Shǐ Shih3 Si2 Sze Si
  • (X, Z, K, T)
  • Sái (X, Q)
  • Sír (Q)
  • Ser
  • Seu
  • Sze
Sṳ́
  • Soo
  • Sze
Sy Si Viet. Sử
Kor. Sa ()
Jpn. Shi
Phil. Sze
84 Táo T'ao2 Tou4
  • To
  • Tao
Tow (X, Z, K, T)
Tô͘ (Q)
Thô (Q)
Tow Thàu
Thò
Tao
Tow
Thóu Dau Do Viet. Đào
Kor. Do ()
Jpn.
Phil. To
85 4
Ho4
Ho6 Ho   (X, Z, K, T)
(Q)
Hor Ho
Fo
Ho Wu Woo Viet. Hạ
Kor. Ha ()
Jpn. Ka
86 Máo Mao2 Mou4 Mo Mou Mô͘ Mor
Mâu
Mo
Mao
Mōu Mau Mo Viet. Mao
Kor. Mo (모)
Jpn.
87 Hǎo Hao3 Kok3 Kok   Hok Hak Khok   Hok Heh Heq Viet. Hác
Kor. Hak ()
Jpn. Kaku
88 Ku4 Gu3 Ku Goo
Gu
Khoo
Kò͘ Koh Ku Koo Go Ku Koo
Gu
Viet. Cố
Kor. Go ()
Jpn. Ko
Phil. Coo, Khoo, Gu
89 Gōng Kung1 Gung1 Kung Kwong Kéng (X, Q, K, T)
Kiong (Z)
Kiûng Kong Kiung Cion Jiong
Jun
Viet. Cung
Kor. Gong ()
Jpn. Kyō
90 Shào Shao4 Siu6 Siu
Shiu
Shaw
Sio
Siō (X, K, T)
Siāu (Z, K, T)
Siàu (Q)
Seow
Sioh
Shau
Sau
Shao Sèu Zau Zo Viet. Thiệu
Kor. So ()
Jpn. Shō
Phil. Siao, Syaw, Shau, Shao, Shaw
91 Wàn Wan4 Maan6 Man Meng  Bān (X, Z, K, T)
Bàn (Q)
Buang Van Wan
Man
Màn Vae
Mae
Ve
Me
Viet. Vạn
Kor. Man ()
Jpn. Ban
Phil. Man
92 Tán / Qín T'an2 Taam4 Tam Thâm   Thàm   Thóm Dae De Viet. Tán
Kor. Dam ()
Jpn. Tan
Phil. Tam
93 Wu3 Mou5 Mo Mou Boo Moo
Woo
Wu Ghu
Woo
Viet.
Kor. Mu ()
Jpn. Bu
94 Qián Ch'ien2 Cin4 Chin Chee Chîⁿ Chee Tshièn Chen Chhién Zhi Zee Viet. Tiền
Kor. Jeon ()
Jpn. Sen
Phil. Chi
95 Dài Tai4 Daai3 Tai (X, Z, K, T)
Tèr (Q)
Tai Tai Tai Thài Ta Da Viet. Đái
Đới
Kor. Dae ()
Jpn. Tai
Phil. Te
96 Yán Yen2 Jim4 Yim Im Giâm Ngiam Ngiàm Yam Ngiēm Ni Gni
Nyi
Viet. Nghiêm
Kor. Eom ()
Jpn. Gen
Phil. Gan
97 Ōu Ou1 Au1 Au Au Eu Eu Jpn. Ō
98 Mo4 Mok6  Mok Bo̍h (K, T)
Bo̍k
Mok Mo̍k Mok Mok Moh Moq Viet. Mạc
Kor. Mo ()
Jpn. Baku
99 Kǒng K'ung3 Hung2 Hung Khóng Kong
Khong
Khúng Koong
Khoong
Khúng Khon Kung Viet. Khổng
Kor. Kong ()
Jpn. Kyō
Phil. Consunji, Kong, Hung
100 Xiàng Hsiang4 Hoeng3  Heung  Hiòng (X, Q, K, T)
Hiàng (Z)
Hiang Hióng Hiòng Shian Hian Viet. Hưởng
Kor. Hyang ()
Jpn. Kyō
101 Cháng Ch'ang2 Soeng4  Sheung Siông (X, Q, K, T)
Siâng (Z)
Sioh
Seoh
Sòng Song Sōng Zan Viet. Thường
Kor. Sang ()
Jpn. Shō
Misc. Sōng, Thōng
102 Tāng T'ang1 Tong1  Tong Thng Tng
Teung
Thông Thong
Tong
Thong Thaon Thaan Viet. Thang
Jpn.  
Phil. Tang
103 Kāng Kang1 Hong1  Hong Khng Kang
Khang
Không Khong
Kong
Khong Khaon Khaan Viet. Khang
Kor. Gang ()
Jpn.
Phil. Kang
104 I4 Yi6
Yik6 
Yik    E̍k (X, Z, K, T)
Ia̍k (Q)
Ek Yit   Iak I
Yih
Yiq Viet. Dịch
Kor. Yee ()
Jpn.  Eki, I
105 Qiáo Ch'iao2 Kiu4   Kiu Kiâu Keow
Kiao
Khiàu Kiew
Khiew
Khiéu Jiau Djio
Jioh
Viet. Kiều
Kor. Kyo ()
Jpn. Kyō
106 Lài Lai4 Laai6 Lay Lai Lōa (X, Z, K, T)
Lòa (Q)
Nai Lai Lài Lài La Le
Lae
Viet. Lại
Kor. Roe ()
Noe ()
Jpn. Rai
107 Wén When2 Man4  Man Bûn Boon Vùn Voon Mūn Ven Vung Viet. Văn
Kor. Moon ()
Jpn. Bun 
108 Shī Shih1 Si1  Si Xi Si
Soa
Sy
Sua
Sṳ̂ Sii´ Sy Si Viet. Thí
Kor. Si ()
Jpn. Shi, I 
Phil. Sy, See, Sze
109 Hóng Hung2 Hung4  Hung Huhng Âng
Hông
Ang
Hong
Fùng Fung Ghon Won
Ung One
Viet. Hồng
Kor. Hong ()
Jpn.  
Phil. Ang, Hong
110 Xīn Hsin1 San1  San Sen Sîn Sin Sîn Xin´ Sîng Shin Sin Viet. Tân
Kor. Shin ()
Jpn. Shin 
Phil. Sin, Sing, Singson
111 kʻo1 O1  O Ngo Koa, 

Kho

Ko, 

Ker, 

Quah, 

Kwa

Khô Ko´ Khu Koo Viet. Kha
Kor. Ga ()
Jpn. Ka 
Phil. Cua, Kua, Kho, Ko, Co, Coson
112 Zhuāng Chuang1 Zong1  Tsong Chong, 

Jong

Chng, 

Chong

Cheng Chông Zong´ Chang Tsaon Tsaan
Tzaon
Viet. Trang
Kor. Jang ()
Jpn. Shō, Sō, Chan
Phil. Cheng, Ching, Chung, Chong
Notes
  1. Pronunciations are based on the Xiamen (X), Zhangzhou (Z), Quanzho (Q),[15] Kaohsiung (K) and Taipei (T) varieties.[16]
Other surveys
  • 2006 multi-year survey and study conducted by Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, using a sample size of 296 million spread across 1,110 counties and cities and recording around 4,100 surnames.[18]
  • 1990: Ji Yuwen Publishing House, based on a sample size of 174,900.
  • 1987 study conducted by Yuan Yida with a sample size of 570,000.
  • 1977 study published by Li Dongming, a Chinese historian, as "Surname" (《姓》) in Dongfang Magazine.

400 character list

In 2013 the Fuxi Institution compiled a ranking of the 400 most common surnames in China.[19]

400 most common surnames in China
Rank Name % of pop. No. (10,000's) Province with most
17.170%9520.00Henan
27.000%9340.00Henan
36.740%8960.00Henan
45.100%6770.00Shandong
54.610%6130.00Guangdong
63.220%4270.00Sichuan
72.450%3260.00Guangdong
82.000%2680.00Guangdong
92.000%2670.00Henan
101.900%2520.00Hunan
111.450%1930.00Jiangsu
121.380%1830.00Shandong
131.290%1720.00Henan
141.280%1700.00Jiangsu
151.160%1550.00Hubei
161.130%1510.00Guangdong
171.130%1500.00Henan
181.060%1400.00Sichuan
191.000%1330.00Shandong
200.950%1260.00Sichuan
210.930%1240.00Guangdong
220.850%1130.00Guangdong
230.760%1010.00Guangdong
240.700%932.00Shandong
250.690%917.00Hunan
260.660%881.00Guangdong
270.620%821.00Guangdong
280.620%818.00Guangdong
290.610%815.00Henan
300.600%791.00Henan
310.580%772.00Guangdong
320.580%766.00Hunan
330.560%739.00Hunan
340.530%701.00Guangdong
350.520%687.00Guangdong
360.520%685.00Henan
370.510%677.00Shandong
380.500%667.00Sichuan
390.480%642.00Shandong
400.480%633.00Hubei
410.480%632.00Guangdong
420.480%632.00Sichuan
430.470%619.00Henan
440.460%606.00Guangdong
450.450%603.00Henan
460.450%601.00Anhui
470.450%596.00Shandong
480.430%576.00Jiangsu
490.410%550.00Jiangsu
500.410%547.00Henan
510.400%538.00Jiangsu
520.400%536.00Guangdong
530.400%536.00Henan
540.400%533.00Guangdong
550.390%523.00Shandong
560.380%509.00Shandong
570.380%499.00Hunan
580.370%487.00Guangdong
590.360%485.00Henan
600.360%483.00Anhui
610.360%480.00Guangxi
620.350%467.00Zhejiang
630.340%455.00Henan
640.340%449.00Jiangsu
650.330%439.00Henan
660.320%430.00Guangxi
670.320%426.00Jiangsu
680.320%423.00Guangdong
690.310%413.00Anhui
700.300%401.00Henan
710.300%394.00Jiangxi
720.290%384.00Jiangxi
730.290%383.00Shandong
740.290%379.00Henan
750.280%374.00Hebei
760.280%369.00Guangdong
770.270%360.00Henan
780.260%347.00Jiangsu
790.260%346.00Hunan
800.240%320.00Henan
810.240%319.00Sichuan
820.220%288.00Guangdong
830.210%285.00Henan
840.210%281.00Hunan
850.210%274.00Anhui
860.210%274.00Hunan
870.200%272.00Jiangsu
880.200%264.00Zhejiang
890.200%264.00Hebei
900.200%264.00Hunan
910.200%262.00Shandong
920.190%254.00Jiangxi
930.190%249.00Jiangsu
940.190%246.00Jiangsu
950.180%240.00Guangdong
960.180%240.00Guangxi
970.180%240.00Taiwan
980.180%239.00Shanxi
990.180%233.00Guangxi
1000.170%231.00Shandong
1010.170%227.00Jiangsu
1020.170%226.00Hunan
1030.160%218.00Henan
1040.160%217.00Guangdong
1050.160%211.00Hebei
1060.150%206.00Jiangsu
1070.150%204.00Sichuan
1080.150%202.00Henan
1090.150%200.00Henan
1100.150%195.00Jiangsu
1110.140%192.00Shandong
1120.130%179.00Hebei
1130.130%176.00Hebei
1140.130%175.00Hunan
1150.130%173.00Henan
1160.130%171.00Guangdong
1170.130%167.00Guangxi
1180.120%164.00Hunan
1190.120%163.00Jiangsu
1200.120%162.00Guangdong
1210.120%159.00Jiangxi
1220.120%157.00Zhejiang
1230.110%151.00Henan
1240.110%149.00Henan
1250.110%149.00Henan
1260.110%147.00Jiangsu
1270.110%147.00Guangdong
1280.110%147.00Henan
1290.110%146.00Guangdong
1300.110%140.00Henan
1310.100%137.00Guangdong
1320.100%134.00Sichuan
1330.100%133.00Henan
1340.100%132.00Zhejiang
1350.100%131.00Henan
1360.100%129.00Hubei
1370.095%126.00Guangxi
1380.090%120.00Zhejiang
1390.087%115.00Inner Mongolia
1400.083%110.00Guangxi
1410.082%109.00Henan
1420.082%109.00Hainan
1430.082%109.00Hunan
1440.082%109.00Guangdong
1450.080%106.00Hubei
1460.080%106.00Shandong
1470.079%105.00Hubei
1480.079%105.00Zhejiang
1490.078%103.00Guangdong
1500.078%103.00Shandong
1510.076%101.00Jiangsu
1520.076%101.00Jiangsu
1530.076%100.00Henan
1540.075%100.00Hebei
1550.075%100.00Jiangxi
1560.075%100.00Jiangsu
1570.075%100.00Henan
1580.075%99.00Henan
1590.074%98.00Anhui
1600.074%98.00Shandong
1610.073%97.00Fujian
1620.073%97.00Chongqing
1630.073%96.00Guangdong
1640.072%96.00Guangxi
1650.072%95.00Henan
1660.071%94.00Fujian
1670.070%92.00Shandong
1680.069%92.00Henan
169欧阳0.068%91.00Hunan
1700.065%87.00Shandong
1710.065%86.00Henan
1720.062%83.00Guangxi
1730.062%82.00Anhui
1740.061%82.00Jiangsu
1750.061%81.00Hunan
1760.061%80.00Jiangsu
1770.056%75.00Sichuan
1780.056%75.00Shandong
1790.055%74.00Shandong
1800.055%73.00Shaanxi
1810.055%73.00Jiangxi
1820.053%71.00Shandong
1830.053%70.00Sichuan
1840.052%69.00Hubei
1850.052%68.00Jiangsu
1860.050%67.00Hunan
1870.050%67.00Henan
1880.048%64.00Guizhou
1890.047%62.00Guangxi
1900.044%59.00Henan
1910.043%58.00Guangdong
1920.043%58.00Guangdong
1930.043%58.00Jiangsu
1940.043%57.00Jiangsu
1950.043%57.00Taiwan
1960.043%57.00Shandong
1970.043%57.00Zhejiang
1980.043%57.00Fujian
1990.042%57.00Henan
2000.041%55.00Guangdong
2010.041%54.00Shandong
2020.040%53.00Henan
2030.040%53.00Shandong
2040.040%53.00Jiangsu
2050.039%52.00Guangxi
2060.039%52.00Shanxi
2070.039%52.00Shaanxi
2080.039%52.00Shandong
2090.039%51.00Jiangsu
2100.038%51.00Jiangsu
2110.038%50.00Sichuan
2120.038%50.00Jiangxi
2130.036%48.00Henan
2140.036%48.00Shanxi
2150.035%46.00Hebei
2160.035%46.00Jiangsu
2170.034%45.00Jiangsu
2180.033%44.00Hunan
2190.033%44.00Anhui
2200.033%44.00Hunan
2210.033%43.00Liaoning
2220.033%43.00Zhejiang
2230.032%43.00Shandong
2240.032%43.00Hubei
2250.032%43.00Sichuan
2260.032%42.00Zhejiang
2270.032%42.00Hebei
2280.032%42.00Jiangsu
2290.032%42.00Henan
2300.031%41.00Henan
2310.031%41.00Yunnan
2320.030%40.00Jiangsu
2330.030%40.00Shandong
2340.030%40.00Shandong
2350.030%39.00Shandong
2360.030%39.00Shandong
2370.030%39.00Jiangsu
2380.029%38.00Shandong
2390.029%38.00Guangdong
2400.029%38.00Henan
2410.028%37.00Shandong
2420.028%37.00Hebei
2430.027%36.00Hebei
2440.027%36.00Shandong
2450.027%35.00Jiangsu
2460.026%35.00Zhejiang
2470.026%35.00Guizhou
2480.026%34.00Shandong
2490.026%34.00Hubei
2500.025%34.00Hunan
2510.025%34.00Fujian
2520.025%33.00Anhui
2530.025%33.00Zhejiang
2540.025%33.00Hebei
2550.024%32.00Shandong
2560.024%32.00Guangdong
2570.023%31.00Guangdong
2580.023%31.00Jiangsu
2590.023%31.00Jiangsu
2600.023%30.00Hunan
2610.230%30.00Shandong
2620.022%29.80Shaanxi
2630.022%28.90Shandong
2640.022%28.80Jiangxi
2650.021%28.50Hebei
2660.021%28.50Jiangsu
2670.021%28.50Sichuan
2680.021%27.70Shaanxi
2690.021%27.30Guangxi
2700.021%27.20Anhui
2710.020%27.00Shanxi
2720.020%26.60Henan
2730.020%26.40Shandong
2740.020%26.30Henan
2750.020%26.30Hubei
2760.019%25.90Guangxi
2770.019%24.80Hunan
2780.017%23.10Jiangsu
2790.017%22.90Hunan
2800.017%22.80Hunan
2810.017%22.80Guangdong
2820.017%22.80Shandong
2830.017%22.80Zhejiang
2840.017%22.50Guangxi
2850.016%21.90Shandong
2860.016%21.70Anhui
2870.016%20.80Henan
2890.016%20.60Zhejiang
2890.016%20.60Shandong
2900.015%20.00Henan
2910.015%19.90Guangdong
2920.015%19.80Henan
2930.015%19.70Ningxia
2940.015%19.60Anhui
2950.015%19.50Jiangsu
2960.014%19.10Shaanxi
2970.014%19.00Shaanxi
2980.014%19.00Sichuan
2990.014%18.90Zhejiang
3000.014%18.80Henan
3010.014%18.70Jilin
3020.014%18.60Shandong
3030.014%18.50Guangdong
3040.014%18.40Henan
3050.014%18.20Henan
3060.013%17.90Shandong
3070.013%17.70Hebei
3080.013%17.70Sichuan
3090.013%17.70Inner Mongolia
3100.013%17.60Shandong
3110.013%17.30Jiangsu
3120.013%17.20Sichuan
3130.013%17.10Shandong
3140.013%16.80Jiangsu
3150.013%16.60Henan
3160.012%16.50Anhui
3170.012%16.50Henan
3180.012%16.40Zhejiang
3190.012%16.20Henan
3200.012%16.20Shandong
3210.012%15.90Shandong
3220.012%15.90Shandong
3230.012%15.60Inner Mongolia
3240.012%15.40Guangdong
3250.011%15.0Sichuan
3260.011%14.80Zhejiang
3270.011%14.70Henan
3280.011%14.60Henan
3290.011%14.60Jiangsu
3300.011%14.60Shandong
3310.011%14.50Yunnan
3320.011%14.50Fujian
3330.011%14.40Jiangsu
3340.011%14.40Jiangsu
3350.011%14.30Sichuan
336鹿0.011%14.00Shandong
3370.011%14.00Shandong
3380.011%13.90Hebei
3390.010%13.90Sichuan
3400.010%13.80Sichuan
3410.010%13.60Hainan
3420.010%13.60Inner Mongolia
3430.010%13.50Inner Mongolia
3440.010%13.50Sichuan
3450.010%13.40Zhejiang
3460.010%13.40Shandong
3470.010%13.30Shandong
3480.010%13.00Guizhou
3490.010%12.80Liaoning
3500.010%12.80Jiangsu
3510.0094%12.40Chongqing
3520.0093%12.40Inner Mongolia
353宿0.0093%12.30Shandong
3540.0092%12.20Sichuan
3550.0091%12.10Jiangsu
3560.0091%12.10Shandong
3570.0090%12.00Hunan
3580.0090%11.90Henan
3590.0089%11.80Zhejiang
3600.0088%11.70Shandong
3610.0086%11.50Gansu
3620.0084%11.20Jiangxi
3630.0084%11.20Guangxi
3640.0084%11.10Guangxi
3650.0083%11.00Henan
3660.0082%10.90Jiangsu
3670.0082%10.90Shandong
3680.0081%10.70Inner Mongolia
3690.0079%10.50Hunan
3700.0077%10.20Guangxi
3710.0076%10.10Jiangsu
3720.0076%10.10Sichuan
3730.0076%10.10Jiangsu
3740.0076%10.00Guangdong
3750.0074%9.90Jiangsu
3760.0074%9.80Inner Mongolia
3770.0074%9.80Jiangsu
3780.0073%9.60Jiangxi
3790.0072%9.60Zhejiang
3800.0072%9.50Sichuan
3810.0071%9.50Shanxi
3820.0071%9.40Qinghai
3830.0070%9.30Inner Mongolia
3840.0069%9.20Henan
3850.0068%9.10Jiangsu
3860.0068%9.00Anhui
3870.0067%9.00Shandong
3880.0067%8.90Shandong
3890.0067%8.90Shandong
3900.0067%8.90Shanxi
3910.0066%8.70Sichuan
3920.0065%8.70Henan
3930.0065%8.60Chongqing
3940.0064%8.50Hunan
3950.0064%8.50Guangdong
3960.0063%8.40Jiangsu
3970.0063%8.40Liaoning
3980.0060%8.00Jiangxi
3990.0060%8.00Guangxi
4000.0060%8.00Shandong

Taiwan

According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior's Department of Population in 2016, Taiwan has only 1,503 surnames.[6] The top ten surnames in Taiwan accounted for 52.77% of the general population, and the top 100 accounted for 96.56%.

Rank Character Romanizations  % of total pop.
Mandarin Min Nan Hakka Cantonese
2016 Trad. Simp. Wade Pinyin POJ Other PFS Other Jyutping HK Other
1 Ch'en2 Chén Tân Tan Chin Thin Can4 Chan Chin 11.14%
2 Lin2 Lín Lîm Lim
Liem
Lim Lim Lam4 Lam Lum 8.31%
3 Huang2 Huáng Ng Eng
Ung
Uy
Wee
Vòng Wong
Bong
Wong4 Wong Wang
Vang
Wung
6.05%
4 Chang1 Zhāng Tiuⁿ Teo
Teoh
Thio
Tiew
Chông Chong Zoeng1 Cheung Chong
Cheong
5.27%
5 Li3 Lee
Dee
Lee Lei5 Lee
Li
Lei
Ly
5.13%
6 Wang2 Wáng Ông Heng
Bong
Vòng Wong Wong4 Wong Vang Wung 4.11%
7 Wu2 Gô͘
Ngô͘
Goh
Gouw
Ǹg Ng Ng4 Ng Ung
Eng
4.04%
8 Liu2 Liú Lâu Lao Liù Liew Lau4 Lau Lao 3.16%
9 Ts'ai4 Cài Chhoà Chua
Choa
Tjoa
Chhai Chai
Choi
Coi3 Choi Choy
Tsoi
Toy
2.91%
10 Yang2 Yáng Iûⁿ Eaw
Joe
Nyo
Yong
Yòng Yong
Yeong
Joeng4 Yeung Yeong
Ieong
2.66%
11 Hsü3 Khó͘ Ko
Koh
Hi Hee Heoi2 Hui Hoi
12 Cheng4 Zhèng Tīⁿ
Tēⁿ
Teh Chhang Chang Zeng6 Cheng Cheang
Chiang
13 Hsieh4 Xiè Chiā
Siā
Cheah
Seah
Tshia Cheah Ze6 Tse Che
14 Hung2 Hóng Âng
Hông
Ang
Hong
Fùng Fung Hung4 Hung Huhng
15 Kuo1 Guō Koeh Kueh Kwok Kok Gwok3 Kwok Kuok
16 Ch'iu1 Qiū Khu Khoo
Kho
Hiû
Khiû
Hew
Khew
Jau1 Yau Iao
Iau
17 Tseng1 Zēng Chan Tsên Chen Zang1 Tsang Chang
Dong
18 Liao4 Liào Liāu Leow
Liow
Liau Lieu Liu6 Liu Lew
Leow
Lio
19 Lai4 Lài Lōa Nai Lài Laai6 Lay Lai
20 Hsü2 Chhî Chee
Jee
Ji
Chhì Chi Ceoi4 Tsui Choi
Chui
Tsua
21 Chou1 Zhōu Chiu Chew Chiû Cher
Chiew
Zau1 Chow
Chau
Jao
Chao
22 Yeh4 Ia̍p Yap Yap Jip6 Yip Ip
Yeap
23 Su1 So͘ Soh Soo Sou1 So Sou
24 Chuang1 Zhuāng Chong Cheng Chông Zong Zong1 Tsong Chong
Jong
25 3

Līr
Lee
Leu
Loo
Lee Leoi5 Lui Loi
26 Chiang1 Jiāng Kang Kông Kong Gong1 Kong
27 2
Ho2
Ho
Hou
Ho Ho4 Ho Hoe
28 Hsiao1 Xiāo Siau
Sio
Seow
Siow
Siâu Siaw
Siew
Siu1 Siu
Shiu
Sio
29 Lo2 Luó Lo
Law
Law
Lo
Loh
Lo4 Lo Law
Loh
Lowe
Lor
30 Kao1 Gāo Ko Koh
Kau
Koo Gou1
Ko Kou
Go
Other surveys
  • 1994–2011: The American researcher Chih-Hao Tsai has compiled unauthoritative annual surveys of the most common surnames on Taiwan[20] based on published lists of all successful applicants taking Taiwan's Joint College Entrance Exam.[21] The test was mandatory for college entrance until 2002 and is still quite common, with more than a hundred thousand successful applicants a year and a pass rate for all test takers between 60 and 90%.[21]

Philippines

Chinese Filipinos whose ancestors came to the Philippines from 1898 onward usually have single syllable Chinese surnames. On the other hand, most who have Chinese ancestors who came to the Philippines prior to 1898 usually have multiple-syllable Chinese surnames such as Gokongwei, Ongpin, Pempengco, Yuchengco, Teehankee, and Yaptinchay among such others. These were originally full Chinese names which were transliterated in Spanish orthography and adopted as surnames.

Common Chinese Filipino surnames are: Tan/Chan (陳/陈), Dy/Dee/Lee/Li (), Sy/See/Siy/Sze (), Lim/Lam (), Chua/Choa/Choi (), Yap/Ip (葉/叶), Co/Ko/Kho (許/许), Ko/Gao/Caw (), Ho/Haw/Hau/Caw (), Cua/Kua/Co/Kho/Ko (), Coo/Khoo/Kho/Cu/Kuh (), Go/Ngo/Wu (吳/吴), Ong/Wong (), Ang/Hong/Hung (), Lao (劉/刘), Tiu/Cheung (張/张), Yu/Young (楊/杨), Auyong/Awyoung (歐陽/欧阳), Ng/Uy/Wee/Hong/Wong/Huang (), Tiu/Chiu/Chio/Chu (趙/赵), Chu/Chiu/Chow (), King (), Chan (), Ty/Tee (鄭/郑), Ching/Cheng/Chong (莊/庄), Que/Cue/Kwok (), Leong/Liong/Leung (), etc.

There are also multiple-syllable Chinese surnames that are Spanish transliterations of Hokkien words. Surnames like Tuazon (Eldest Grandson, 大孫), Dizon (Second Grandson, 二孫), Samson/Sanson (Third Grandson, 三孫), Sison (Fourth Grandson, 四孫), Gozon/Goson/Gozum (Fifth Grandson, 五孫), Lacson (Sixth Grandson, 六孫), Tecson/Tiocson/Teoxon (Seventh Grandson, 德孫/蒂奥森/东阳顺) and Sioson (Eight Grandson, 西奥森) are examples of transliterations of designations that use the Hokkien suffix -son (孫) used as surnames for some Chinese Filipinos who trace their ancestry from Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The surname "Son/Sun" (孫) is listed in the classic Chinese text Hundred Family Surnames, perhaps shedding light on the Hokkien suffix -son used here as a surname alongside some sort of accompanying enumeration scheme.

Rank

(2020)[22][23]

Name Character(s) Total Number

(2020)[22]

1 Tan 123,290
2 Dizon 106,507
3 Lim 96,874
4 Samson 66,516
5 Sison 57,840
6 Chua 51,380
7 Uy 47,832
8 Ong 39,649
9 Yap 37,703
10 Go 37,354
11 Tuazon 36,543
12 Cinco 新哥 29,718
13 Sy 28,038
14 Yu 27,732
15 Sayson /西 26,833
16 Quiambao / 25,555
17 Chan , 24,835
18 Cuizon / 23,732
19 Ang 23,341
20 Tecson 22,679

Canada

Statistics Canada has not released a list of common surnames for any of its recent censuses, but much of the Canadian Chinese population is clustered in Metro Vancouver and Greater Victoria in British Columbia and the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area and the Ottawa-Gatineau Area in Ontario, as well as in some emerging major clusters, such as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta, Montreal, and the Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (Quebec Community Metropolitan Area) in Quebec.

Ontario

A 2010 study by Baiju Shah & al data-mined the Registered Persons Database of Canadian health card recipients in the province of Ontario for a particularly Chinese-Canadian name list. Ignoring potentially non-Chinese spellings such as Lee (49,898 total),[24]:Table 1 they found that the most common Chinese names in Ontario were:[24]

Rank Name Total Number Character(s) Romanization
Trad. Simp.
1 Wong 34,567 Wáng, Wong
Huáng, Hwang, Hawang, Whang, Whong
Wāng, Wong, Wung
2 Chan 32,692 Chan, Chén
3 Li 27,608 Ly, Lee, Lei, Lǐ
Lai, Ly, Lee, Lei, Lí
4 Chen 25,618 Chan, Chén
5 Wang 22,548 Wáng, Wong
Wāng, Wong
6 Liu 18,784 Lau, Liew, Liú, Low
Lau, Lew, Liào, Lieu, Liew, Liu
7 Zhang 18,003 Chang, Chong, Chung, Cheung, Teo, Zhāng, Zheung
8 Lam 15,910 Lam, Lín
Lán
9 Leung 13,696 Leung, Liáng
10 Ho 12,830 Hé, Ho
Hè, Ho

Indonesia

Nearly as large is the Chinese Indonesian community. The 2010 Indonesian census reported more than 2.8 million self-identified Chinese, or about 1% of the general population.[25] Just as in Thailand, though, previous legislation (in this case, 127/U/Kep/12/1966) had banned ethnic Chinese surnames throughout the country. This law was abolished after the removal of Suharto, but Chinese Indonesian names remain a mix of Indonesian, pinyin, peh-oe-ji, and Dutch-spelled Hokkien.

Malaysia

During the 2010 Malaysian Census, approximately 6,960,000 Malaysians of Chinese ethnicity.[26] Chinese is the second largest ethnicity in Malaysia, after the Malays.

Singapore

Chinese Singaporean surnames by frequency:

Ethnic Chinese make up almost three-fourths (2009) of Singapore's resident population of nearly four million (2011).

2000

According to Statistics Singapore, as of the year 2000, the most common Chinese Singaporean names were:[27]

Rank Name Origin Total Number
(2000)
 %
(Chinese population)
Character(s) Pinyin Other Forms Notes
Trad. Simp.
1 Tan Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
237,800 9.5 Chén Chan for Cantonese, Chin for Hakka
2 Lim Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
Hakka
166,000 6.6 Lín
3 Lee Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hainanese
Hakka
112,600 4.5
4 Ng Hokkien
Teochew
106,200 4.2 Huáng
Hakka
Cantonese
5 Ong Hokkien 66,700 2.7 Wáng
Wāng
6 Wong Cantonese
Hainanese
Hakka
65,000 2.6 Wáng
Wāng
Huáng
7 Goh Hokkien
Teochew
56,200 2.2
8 Chua Hokkien
Teochew
54,600 2.2 Cài
9 Chan Cantonese 48,400 1.9 Chén
Hokkien
Teochew
Zēng
10 Koh Hokkien
Teochew
48,100 1.9
11 Teo Hokkien
Teochew
46,800 1.9 Zhāng
12 Ang Hokkien
Teochew
43,600 1.7 Hóng
Hokkien Wēng
13 Yeo Hokkien
Teochew
36,600 1.5 Yáng
Yáo
14 Tay Hokkien
Teochew
35,800 1.4 Zhèng
15 Ho Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hakka
Hainanese
35,000 1.4
16 Low Teochew
Hokkien
31,600 1.3 Liú
17 Toh Teochew
Hokkien
25,300 1.0
Zhuó
18 Sim Teochew
Hokkien
23,800 0.9 Shěn
19 Chong Hakka 23,100 0.9 Zhāng
Cantonese
Hakka
Zhuāng
Zhōng
20 Chia Hokkien
Teochew
Hakka
22,600 0.9 Xiè
  • As most Singaporeans of Chinese descent have ancestors which originated from Southern China, mainly from Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, the distribution of surnames in Singapore is quite different from that of Mainland China.
  • As there are a variety of dialect groups in Singapore, the same surname in Chinese characters may be romanised in several different ways in Singapore. Some less common Chinese transcriptions of the 20 most common romanised surnames may not be listed in the table above.

Newer version

There is a newer list of most common surnames in Singapore from an unknown year.[28] Some numbers are missing as the original list contains several non-Chinese surnames, which have been excluded from the table below.

Rank Name Origin Total Number Character(s) Pinyin
Trad. Simp.
1 Tan Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
276,329 Chén
2 Lim Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
Hakka
196,492 Lín
3 Lee Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hainanese
Hakka
151,278
4 Ng Hokkien
Teochew
125,122 Huáng
Hakka
Cantonese
5 Wong Cantonese
Hainanese
Hakka
90,861 Wáng
Wāng
Huáng
6 Ong Hokkien 80,354 Wáng
Wāng
7 Goh Hokkien
Teochew
72,248
8 Chan Cantonese 69,355 Chén
Hokkien
Teochew
Zēng
9 Chua Hokkien
Teochew
67,321 Cài
10 Koh Hokkien
Teochew
61,941
11 Teo Hokkien
Teochew
59,487 Zhāng
Zhào
12 Ang Hokkien
Teochew
52,131 Hóng
Hokkien Wēng
13 Ho Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hakka
Hainanese
50,949
14 Tay Hokkien
Teochew
49,438 Zhèng
15 Yeo Hokkien
Teochew
48,889 Yáng
Yáo
16 Low Teochew
Hokkien
43,122 Liú
Luó
Luò
17 Chong Hakka 41,552 Zhāng
Cantonese
Hakka
Zhuāng
Zhōng
18 Chen Mandarin 35,895 Chén
Hakka Zēng
19 Leong Cantonese
Hakka
32,898 Liáng
Teochew Lóng
20 Loh Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hakka
Hainanese
32,808 Luó
Luò
21 Chia Hokkien
Teochew
Hakka
32,718 Xiè
22 Sim Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
Hakka
32,621 Shěn
23 Chew Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
Hakka
31,051 Zhōu
Cantonese Zhào
24 Wang Mandarin 28,888 Wáng
Wāng
25 Yap Hokkien
Teochew
Hainanese
Hakka
28,636
26 Toh Teochew
Hokkien
28,268
Zhuó
27 Li Mandarin 26,363
28 Wee Hokkien
Hainanese
25,278 Huáng
29 Tang Teochew 24,548 Chén
Hokkien
Teochew
Dèng
Mandarin Táng
Tāng
30 Yong Cantonese
Hakka
24,503 Yáng
31 Foo Hainanese 24,438
Hakka
32 Soh Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
23,818
34 Chin Hakka 23,211 Chén
Cantonese Qián
35 Lin Mandarin 23,056 Lín
36 Chng Teochew
Hokkien
21,339 Zhuāng
37 Lau Teochew
Hokkien
Cantonese
21,047 Liú
38 Zhang Mandarin 19,549 Zhāng
39 Cheng Cantonese 19,401 Zhèng
Teochew
Hokkien
Zhōng
Mandarin Chéng
40 Choo Hokkien
Teochew
19,181 Zhū
41 Liu Mandarin 18,374 Liú
42 Lai 18,303
Lài
43 Cheong Cantonese 17,993 Zhāng
Jiǎng
44 Chee Hokkien 17,870
45 Heng Teochew 17,631 Wáng
46 Quek Teochew
Hokkien
17,418 Guō
47 Peh Teochew
Hokkien
16,845 Bái
48 Khoo Teochew
Hokkien
16,572 Qīu
49 Poh Hokkien 16,527
50 Seah Teochew
Hokkien
16,197 Xiè
Shé
52 Pang Teochew
Hokkien
15,778 Féng
Páng
Péng
53 Huang Mandarin 15,519 Huáng
54 Liew Hakka 14,906 Liú
55 Yang Mandarin
Cantonese
14,809 Yáng
56 Neo Teochew
Hokkien
14,550 Liáng
57 Lam Teochew
Hokkien
Hakka
Cantonese
13,640 Lán
Cantonese Lín
58 Chang 13,252
59 Gan Hokkien 13,130 Yán
60 Han Mandarin 12,962 Hán
61 Song Mandarin 12,878 Sòng
62 Wu Mandarin 12,839
63 Hong Mandarin
Cantonese
12,645 Hóng
64 Chow Cantonese 12,096 Zhōu
Teochew
Hokkien
Cáo
Hakka Zhào
65 Kok Cantonese 11,903 Guō
66 Tham Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese
Hakka
Hainanese
11,715 Tán
67 Ling Eastern Min 11,321 Lín
Líng
68 Wei 11,276 Wèi
69 See 11,063 Shī
Teochew
Hokkien
Xuē
70 Oh Teochew
Hokkien
10,617
72 Yu 10,475
73 Seet Teochew
Hokkien
Cantonese
10,361 Xuē
74 Fong 10,346 Fāng
75 Loo 10,340 Luó
76 Kong Cantonese 9,642 Jiāng
Mandarin Kǒng
78 Phua Teochew
Hokkien
9,545 Pān
79 Yee 9,487
80 Seow 9,442 Xiāo
81 Teng 9,339
82 Xu Mandarin 8,822
84 Kang 8,292 Jiāng
Kāng
85 Tong 8,150 Dǒng
Cantonese Táng
Tóng
86 Leow Hokkien
Teochew
8,021 Liào
87 Chai Cantonese
Hakka
7,950 Cài
88 Teh Teochew
Hokkien
7,711 Zhèng
89 Png Teochew
Hokkien
7,687 Fāng
90 Soon Hokkien
Cantonese
7,608 Sūn
91 Wan 7,498 Yuán
92 Tee Teochew
Hokkien
7,466 Zhèng
93 Hui Cantonese 7,272
94 Yip Cantonese 7,220
95 Woo Cantonese 7,123
96 Liang Mandarin 7,098 Liáng
97 Chung Cantonese 6,923 Zhèng
98 Lu Mandarin 6,910
100 Soo Hakka 6,568
101 Aw Hakka 6,381
103 Boon Teochew
Hokkien
6,368 Wén
105 Yan Mandarin 6,355 Yán
106 Zhou Mandarin 6,265 Zhōu
107 Ting Eastern Min 6,232 Chén
Dīng
108 Kee 6,226
109 Seng Teochew
Hokkien
Cantonese
6,135 Chéng
110 Sun Mandarin 6,103 Sūn
111 Kwok Cantonese
Hakka
6,103 Guo
112 Ooi Hainanese 6,064 Huáng
113 Kim 6,026 Jīn
115 Yew Teochew
Hokkien
5,748 Yáng
Yóu
116 Su Mandarin 5,735
117 Zheng 5,677 Zhèng
118 Law 5,593 Liú
119 Loke 5,490
120 Poon Cantonese 5,418 Pān
121 Chiang 5,406 Jiǎng
122 Hu 5,380
123 Zhao Mandarin 5,373 Zhào
124 Peng Mandarin 5,315 Péng
125 Lum Teochew
Hokkien
Hakka
Cantonese
5,315 Lán
Cantonese Lín
126 Ching 5,263
127 Kwan 5,192 Guān
128 Ee 5,154
129 Kwek Teochew
Hokkien
5,147 Guō
130 Mok 5,089

Thailand

The largest Chinese diaspora community in the world are the Chinese Thais (or Sino-Thais), who make up 12–14%[29][30] of the total Thai population. However, very few of the Chinese Thais have Chinese surnames, after the 1913 Surname Act that required the adoption of Thai surnames in order to enjoy Thai citizenship. Moreover, the same law requires that those possessing the same surname be related, meaning that immigrant Chinese may not adopt the surname of their clansmen unless they can show actual kinship.

United States

The 2010 US Census found 3,794,673 self-identified Chinese Americans and 230,382 self-identified Taiwanese Americans,[31] up from 2,734,841 Chinese Americans and 144,795 Taiwanese Americans in 2000.[32]

Although the Chinese make up the largest segment of the U.S. Asian and Pacific Islander population,[33] the most common Chinese-derived surname during the 2000 census was not itself Chinese but the Vietnamese Nguyễn (Chinese: , Ruǎn).[3]

During the 2000 census, the 10 most common Chinese American names were:[note 1]

Rank Name Ethnicity
[34]
Total Number
(2000 census; API only)
Character(s) Pinyin
Among
API
Across
All Names
Trad. Simp.
2 24 Lee Chinese 229,200
Korean
6 262 Chen Chinese 100,700 Chén
7 279 Wong Chinese
(Cantonese)
88,000 Wáng
Huáng
Wāng
9 399 Yang Chinese
(Mandarin)
69,000 Yáng
10 440 Wang Chinese 63,800 Wáng
Wāng
11 426 Chang Chinese 62,900 Zhāng
Cháng
12 461 Chan Chinese
(Cantonese)
59,800 Chén
14 521 Li Chinese 55,700
17 626 Lin Chinese 47,000 Lín
18 652 Liu Chinese 45,500 Liú
Liào
Other surveys
  • 2002: study by Matthew Falkenstein, data-mining the 2000 US Census for a particularly Asian & Pacific Islander name list,[35] omitting those like Lee that are common among other ethnicities
  • 2000: study by Diane Lauderdale, et al., data-mining Social Security card applications by persons born abroad before 1941 for a particularly Chinese-American name list[34]

See also

Notes

  1. Other popular Asian & Pacific Islander names are the Vietnamese names Nguyen (#1), Tran (#5), Le (#8), and Pham (#13); the Korean names Kim (#3) and Park (#15); and the Indian names Patel (#4) and Singh (#16).

References

  1. "我国汉族公民最长姓名达15字 公安部:起名不规范会有不便" [My Country's Han Citizens' Longest Name Reaches 15 Characters.]. Xinhua Net (in Chinese). 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 Word, David L. & al. "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000" Archived 2010-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. 26 June 2001. Accessed 3 February 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 United States Census Bureau. "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000" Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. 27 September 2011. Accessed 29 March 2012.
  4. Prest, Kevin. "X三Y四: Similar Chinese Idioms (Chengyu)" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. 4 March 2011. Accessed 5 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 "公安部统计:'王'成中国第一大姓 有9288万人" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine [Public Security Bureau Statistics: 'Wang' Found China's #1 'Big Family', Includes 92.88m People]. 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012.(in Chinese)
  6. 1 2 全國姓名統計分析. Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C. (Taiwan). 2016. ISBN 9789860503043. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017.
  7. McFarlan, Donald. 1990 Guinness Book of World Records. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. ISBN 189205101X.
  8. Beijing News. "一个“张伟”找到29万人" Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine [One Name 'Zhang Wei' Covers 290,000 People]. 26 July 2007. Accessed 16 March 2012. (in Chinese)
  9. "透过《二〇一九年全国姓名报告》,看我国的姓名文化及其发展_名字". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  10. People's Daily Online. "China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names" Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine. 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012.
  11. 挑灯看剑 踏雪寻梅. "新'百家姓'图腾,快来看看您的尊姓啥模样" Archived 2012-04-01 at Wikiwix [The New Hundred Family Surnames's Totems: Quick, Come Look at Your Honorable Surname's Picture]. 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012. (in Chinese)
  12. "公安部发布去年全国姓名报告,"王、李、张"姓排前三" 公安部发布去年全国姓名报告,“王、李、张”姓排前三. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  13. Badan Pusat Statistik. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012.
  14. Lafraniere, Sharon (21 April 2009). "Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017.
  15. 周长楫; 王建设; 陈荣翰; 林美治; 郭锦标, eds. (2006). Minnan Fangyan Da Cidian (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Fuzhou City: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9.
  16. Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan (in traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. "臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  17. Links to same page as 徐
  18. "人口数据统计". Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  19. Yuan Yida (袁义达), Qiu Jiaru, 邱家儒. 中国四百大姓. Beijing Book Co. Inc., 1 January 2013
  20. Tsai, Chih-Hao. "Common Chinese Names" Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. 8 August 2011. Accessed 30 March 2012.
  21. 1 2 Tsai, Chih-Hao. "A List of Chinese Names" Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. 8 August 2011. Accessed 30 March 2012.
  22. 1 2 "Philippines Genealogical Resources". Forebears.
  23. "Philippines Genealogical Resources". Forebears. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016.
  24. 1 2 Shah, B. R.; Chiu, M.; Amin, S.; Ramani, M.; Sadry, S.; Tu, J. V. (2010). "Surname lists to identify South Asian and Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: A validation study". BMC Medical Research Methodology. 10: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-42. PMC 2877682. PMID 20470433.
  25. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. ISBN 9789790644175. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  26. "Population and Housing Census, Malaysia 2010 (2010 Census)". Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. Statistics Singapore. "Popular Chinese Surnames in Singapore".
  28. "Singaporean Surnames - most common family names from Singapore".
  29. US State Department. "Background Note: Thailand". 3 January 2012. Accessed 4 April 2012.
  30. US Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. "Thailand" . 20 March 2012. Accessed 4 April 2012.
  31. United States Census Bureau. "QT-P8" . Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 2010. Census Summary File 1. 2010. Accessed 3 April 2012.
  32. United States Census Bureau. "The Asian Population: 2000" Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine. February 2002. Accessed 3 April 2012.
  33. United States Census Bureau. "Census 2000: Chinese Largest Asian Group in the United States" Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. 4 March 2002. Accessed 29 March 2012.
  34. 1 2 Lauderdale, Diane S.; et al. (2000). "Asian American ethnic identification by surname" (PDF). Population Research and Policy Review. 19 (3): 283–300. doi:10.1023/A:1026582308352. S2CID 151050659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013..
  35. Falkenstein, Matthew R. "The Asian & Pacific Islander surname list: as developed from Census 2000" Archived 2013-03-07 at the Wayback Machine. Joint Statistical Meetings 2002. (New York), 2002.
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