Fredric March | |
|---|---|
 March in 1940 | |
| Born | Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel August 31, 1897 Racine, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | April 14, 1975 (aged 77) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1921–1973 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 2 |
Fredric March (born Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel; August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American actor, regarded as one of Hollywood's most celebrated stars of the 1930s and 1940s.[1][2] As a performer he was known for his versatility. He received numerous accolades including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and two Tony Awards as well as nominations for three BAFTA Awards and three Emmy Awards.
He began his career in 1920, by working as an extra in movies filmed in New York City. He made his stage debut on Broadway in 1926 at the age of 29, and by the end of the decade, he signed a film contract with Paramount Pictures. He made seven pictures in 1929. He went on to receive two Academy Awards, for his performances in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and The Best Years of Our Lives (1947). His other Oscar-nominated performances were in the films The Royal Family of Broadway (1930), A Star is Born (1937), and Death of a Salesman (1951).
March gained popularity after establishing himself with leading man roles in films such as Honor Among Lovers (1931), Merrily We Go to Hell (1932), Design for Living (1933), Death Takes a Holiday, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (both 1934), Les Misérables, Anna Karenina, The Dark Angel (all 1935), Nothing Sacred (1937), and I Married a Witch (1942). His later film roles include Executive Suite, The Bridges at Toko-Ri (both 1954), The Desperate Hours (1955), Inherit the Wind (1960), and Seven Days in May (1964). He made his final film appearance in The Iceman Cometh (1973).
March was also known for his stage roles; he made his Broadway debut in the play The Melody Man (1926), and during his stage career twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, for his performances in the Ruth Gordon play Years Ago (1947) and in Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night (1956). He and Helen Hayes are the only actors to have won both the Academy Award and the Tony Award twice.
Early life
March was born in Racine, Wisconsin, the son of Cora Brown Marcher (1863–1936), a schoolteacher from England,[3] and John F. Bickel (1859–1941), a devout Presbyterian Church elder who worked in the wholesale hardware business.[4] March attended the Winslow Elementary School (established in 1855), Racine High School, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi.[5]
March served in the United States Army during World War I as an artillery lieutenant.
He began a career as a banker, but an emergency appendectomy caused him to re-evaluate his life, and in 1920, he began working as an "extra" in movies made in New York City, using a shortened form of his mother's maiden name. He appeared on Broadway in 1926, and by the end of the decade, he signed a film contract with Paramount Pictures.[6]
Career
"March's special ability was to suggest genuine mental pain. As a portrayer of tortured and distressed men, he has no equal. The complete physical control which allows him convincingly to sag, stoop and collapse is assisted by a face suggesting at the same time both intelligence and sensitivity"—Australian-born film historian John Baxter.[7]
Like Laurence Olivier, March had a rare protean quality to his acting that allowed him to assume almost any persona convincingly, from Robert Browning to William Jennings Bryan to Dr Jekyll - or Mr. Hyde. He received an Oscar nomination for the 4th Academy Awards in 1930 for The Royal Family of Broadway, in which he played a role modeled on John Barrymore. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 5th Academy Awards in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (tied with Wallace Beery for The Champ, although March accrued one more vote than Beery[8]). This led to roles in a series of classic films based on stage hits and classic novels like Design for Living (1933) with Gary Cooper and Miriam Hopkins; Death Takes a Holiday (1934); Les Misérables (1935) with Charles Laughton; Anna Karenina (1935) with Greta Garbo; Anthony Adverse (1936) with Olivia de Havilland; and as the original Norman Maine in A Star is Born (1937) with Janet Gaynor, for which he received his third Academy Award nomination.
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March resisted signing long-term contracts with the studios,[8][9] enabling him to play roles in films from a variety of studios. He returned to Broadway after a ten-year absence in 1937 with a notable flop, Yr. Obedient Husband, but after the success of Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, he focused as much on Broadway as on Hollywood. He won two Best Actor Tony Awards: in 1947 for the play Years Ago, written by Ruth Gordon, and in 1957 for his performance as James Tyrone in the original Broadway production of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night. He also had major successes in A Bell for Adano in 1944 and Gideon in 1961, and he played in Ibsen's An Enemy of the People on Broadway in 1951. During this period, he also starred in films, including I Married a Witch (1942) and Another Part of the Forest (1948). March won his second Oscar in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives.
March also branched out into television, winning Emmy nominations for his third attempt at The Royal Family for the series The Best of Broadway as well as for television performances as Samuel Dodsworth and Ebenezer Scrooge. On March 25, 1954, March co-hosted the 26th Annual Academy Awards ceremony from New York City, with co-host Donald O'Connor in Los Angeles.
March's neighbor in Connecticut, playwright Arthur Miller, was thought to favor March to inaugurate the part of Willy Loman in the Pulitzer Prize–winning Death of a Salesman (1949). However, March read the play and turned down the role, whereupon director Elia Kazan cast Lee J. Cobb as Willy and Arthur Kennedy as one of Willy's sons, Biff Loman. Cobb and Kennedy were two actors with whom the director had worked in the film Boomerang (1947). March later regretted turning down the role and finally played Willy Loman in Columbia Pictures's 1951 film version of the play, directed by Laslo Benedek. March earned his fifth and final Oscar nomination as well as a Golden Globe Award. He also played one of two leads in The Desperate Hours (1955) with Humphrey Bogart. Bogart and Spencer Tracy had both insisted upon top billing, and Tracy withdrew, leaving the part available for March.
In 1957, March was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for "distinguished contribution to the art of film".[10]
_Spencer_Tracy_Fredric_March.jpg.webp)
On February 12, 1959, March appeared before a joint session of the 86th United States Congress, reading the Gettysburg Address as part of a commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth.[11]
March co-starred with Spencer Tracy in the 1960 Stanley Kramer film Inherit the Wind, in which he played a dramatized version of famous orator and political figure William Jennings Bryan. March's Bible-thumping character provided a rival for Tracy's Clarence Darrow-inspired character. In the 1960s, March's film career continued with a performance as President Jordan Lyman in the political thriller Seven Days in May (1964) in which he co-starred with Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, and Edmond O'Brien; the part earned March a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actor.
March made several spoken word recordings, including a version of Oscar Wilde's The Selfish Giant issued in 1945 in which he narrated and played the title role, and The Sounds of History, a twelve volume LP set accompanying the twelve volume set of books The Life History of the United States, published by Time-Life. The recordings were narrated by Charles Collingwood, with March and his wife Florence Eldridge performing dramatic readings from historical documents and literature.
Following surgery for prostate cancer in 1970, it seemed his career was over; yet, he managed to give one last performance in The Iceman Cometh (1973) as the complicated Irish saloon keeper, Harry Hope.
Marriage and public activities
March was married to actress Florence Eldridge from 1927 until his death in 1975, and they had two adopted children. They appeared in seven films together, the last being Inherit the Wind.[12]
March and Eldridge commissioned Wallace Neff to build their house in Ridgeview Drive, Bel Air, in 1934. It has subsequently been owned by the philanthropist Wallis Annenberg and the actors Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston.[13]
Throughout his life, March and Eldridge were supporters of the Democratic Party. In July 1936, March co-founded the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League (HANL),[14] along with the writers Dorothy Parker[15] and Donald Ogden Stewart, the director Fritz Lang, and the composer Oscar Hammerstein.
In 1938, March was one of many Hollywood personalities who were investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and the hunt for Communists in the film community. In July 1940, he was among a number of individuals who were questioned by a HUAC subcommittee which was led by Representative Martin Dies Jr.[16]
Later, in 1948, he and his wife sued the anti-communist publication Counterattack for defamation, seeking $250,000 in damages.[17] The suit was settled out of court.[18]
March died of prostate cancer in Los Angeles on April 14, 1975, at the age of 77. He was buried at his estate in New Milford, Connecticut.
Legacy
Modern assessment
March is regarded as one of the most eminent Hollywood actors of the 1930s and 1940s.[1] Critic and Turner Classic Movies host Ben Mankiewicz opined that "two actors from Hollywood’s golden age really stand in a tier above the rest ... Spencer Tracy and Fredric March".[19] Boston Globe writer Joan Wickersham described March as a Hollywood great who "rejected the Hollywood studio system" and "built a brilliant stage and film career" despite lacking the "instant name recognition" of contemporaries like Humphrey Bogart and Cary Grant.[20] March is also remembered for his later character roles such as those in Inherit the Wind, Seven Days in May, and The Iceman Cometh, roles he played during what was considered a downturn in his film career at the time.[21]
Controversy
March was briefly a member of an interfraternity society composed of leading students formed at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1919 and 1920 named the Ku Klux Klan which is not believed to have been affiliated with the notorious organization of that name.[22][23] In actuality, March was an outspoken proponent of the civil rights movement for five decades, and worked closely with the NAACP.[24][25] When the collegiate organization was named, the (later national) KKK was a small regional organization. As the national KKK became better known, the collegiate organization changed its name in 1922.[23]
False rumors based on a misunderstanding of the organization of which March was a member were spread on social media that March was a white supremacist.[25] The 500-seat theater at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh was formerly named after March.[26] The University of Wisconsin–Madison had named the 168-seat at the Memorial Union as the Fredric March Play Circle Theater; however, in 2018, his name was removed, after student protests following reports of March's membership in a student fraternal organization calling itself Ku Klux Klan.[27][28][29][30] UW–Oshkosh pulled March's name from what is now the Theatre Arts Center shortly before the 2020–21 academic term.[31] After new revelations about the nature of the KKK fraternity, as of autumn 2022, there were discussions for a return of March's name.[32]
Filmography
Film
| Films | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |
| 1921 | The Education of Elizabeth | Extra | Uncredited Lost film | |
| The Great Adventure | Extra | Uncredited | ||
| The Devil | Extra | Uncredited | ||
| Paying the Piper | Extra | Uncredited Lost film | ||
| 1929 | The Dummy | Trumbull Meredith | ||
| The Wild Party | James 'Gil' Gilmore | |||
| The Studio Murder Mystery | Richard Hardell | |||
| Paris Bound | Jim Hutton | |||
| Jealousy | Pierre | Lost film | ||
| Footlights and Fools | Gregory Pyne | Lost film; the soundtrack survives | ||
| The Marriage Playground | Martin Boyne | |||
| 1930 | Sarah and Son | Howard Vanning | ||
| Paramount on Parade | Doughboy | Cameo | ||
| Ladies Love Brutes | Dwight Howell | |||
| True to the Navy | Bull's Eye McCoy | |||
| Manslaughter | Dan O'Bannon | |||
| Laughter | Paul Lockridge | |||
| The Royal Family of Broadway | Tony Cavendish | |||
| 1931 | Honor Among Lovers | Jerry Stafford | ||
| The Night Angel | Rudek Berken | |||
| My Sin | Dick Grady | |||
| Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde | Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr Edward Hyde | |||
| 1932 | Strangers in Love | Buddy Drake / Arthur Drake | ||
| Merrily We Go to Hell | Jerry Corbett | |||
| Make Me a Star | Himself | Behind-the-scenes drama, Uncredited | ||
| Smilin' Through | Kenneth Wayne | |||
| The Sign of the Cross | Marcus Superbus | |||
| Hollywood on Parade No. A-1 | Himself | short film | ||
| 1933 | Tonight Is Ours | Sabien Pastal | ||
| The Eagle and the Hawk | Jerry H. Young | |||
| Design for Living | Thomas B. 'Tom' Chambers | |||
| 1934 | All of Me | Don Ellis | ||
| Good Dame | Mace Townsley | |||
| Death Takes a Holiday | Prince Sirki / Death | |||
| The Affairs of Cellini | Benvenuto Cellini | |||
| The Barretts of Wimpole Street | Robert Browning | |||
| We Live Again | Prince Dmitri Nekhlyudov | |||
| Hollywood on Parade No. B-6 | Himself | short film | ||
| 1935 | Les Misérables | Jean Valjean / Champmathieu | ||
| Anna Karenina | Count Vronsky | |||
| The Dark Angel | Alan Trent | |||
| Screen Snapshots Series 14, No. 11 | Himself | short film | ||
| 1936 | The Road to Glory | Lieutenant Michel Denet | ||
| Mary of Scotland | Bothwell | |||
| Anthony Adverse | Anthony Adverse | |||
| Screen Snapshots Series 16, No. 3 | Himself | short film | ||
| 1937 | A Star Is Born | Norman Maine | ||
| Nothing Sacred | Wallace 'Wally' Cook | |||
| Screen Snapshots Series 16, No. 5 | Himself | short film | ||
| 1938 | The Buccaneer | Jean Lafitte | ||
| There Goes My Heart | Bill Spencer | |||
| Trade Winds | Sam Wye | |||
| 1939 | The 400 Million | Narrator | Documentary | |
| 1940 | Susan and God | Barrie Trexel | ||
| Victory | Hendrik Heyst | |||
| Lights Out in Europe | Narrator | Documentary | ||
| 1941 | So Ends Our Night | Josef Steiner | ||
| One Foot in Heaven | William Spence | |||
| Bedtime Story | Lucius 'Luke' Drake | |||
| 1942 | I Married a Witch | Jonathan Wooley / Nathaniel Wooley / Samuel Wooley | ||
| Lake Carrier | Narrator | Documentary short | ||
| 1944 | Valley of the Tennessee | Narrator | ||
| The Adventures of Mark Twain | Samuel Langhorne Clemens | |||
| Tomorrow, the World! | Mike Frame | |||
| 1946 | The Best Years of Our Lives | Al Stephenson | ||
| 1948 | Another Part of the Forest | Marcus Hubbard | ||
| An Act of Murder | Judge Calvin Cooke | |||
| 1949 | Christopher Columbus | Christopher Columbus | ||
| 1950 | The Titan: Story of Michelangelo | Narrator | Documentary | |
| 1951 | It's a Big Country | Joe Esposito | ||
| Death of a Salesman | Willy Loman | |||
| 1953 | Man on a Tightrope | Karel Cernik | ||
| 1954 | The Bridges at Toko-Ri | Rear Admiral George Tarrant | ||
| Executive Suite | Loren Phineas Shaw | |||
| 1955 | The Desperate Hours | Dan C. Hilliard | ||
| 1956 | Alexander the Great | Philip II of Macedon | ||
| The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit | Ralph Hopkins | |||
| Island of Allah | Narrator | |||
| 1957 | Albert Schweitzer | Narrator | Documentary | |
| 1959 | Middle of the Night | Jerry Kingsley | ||
| 1960 | Inherit the Wind | Matthew Harrison Brady | ||
| 1961 | The Young Doctors | Dr. Joseph Pearson | ||
| 1962 | The Condemned of Altona | Albrecht von Gerlach | ||
| 1964 | Seven Days in May | President Jordan Lyman | ||
| Pieta | Narrator | Documentary | ||
| 1967 | Hombre | Dr. Alex Favor | ||
| 1970 | …tick…tick…tick… | Mayor Jeff Parks | ||
| 1973 | The Iceman Cometh | Harry Hope | ||
Television
| Television | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |
| 1949 | The Ford Theatre Hour | Oscar Jaffe | Episode: "The Twentieth Century" | |
| 1950 | The Nash Airflyte Theater | Episode: "The Boor" | ||
| 1951 | Lux Video Theatre | Episode: "The Speech" | ||
| 1952 | Lux Video Theatre | Captain Matt | Episode: "Ferry Crisis at Friday Point" | |
| Toast of the Town | Himself | later known as The Ed Sullivan Show | ||
| 1953 | Omnibus | Don Juan | Episode: "The Last Night of Don Juan" | |
| 1954 | The Best of Broadway | Tony Cavendish | Episode: "The Royal Family" based on March's Broadway play and film of the same name | |
| Shower of Stars | Ebenezer Scrooge | Episode: "A Christmas Carol" | ||
| What's My Line? | Himself | |||
| 1956 | Producers' Showcase | Sam Dodsworth | Episode: "Dodsworth" | |
| Shower of Stars | Eugene Tesh | Episode: "The Flattering World" | ||
| 1957 | Toast of the Town | Himself | later known as The Ed Sullivan Show | |
| 1958 | The DuPont Show of the Month | Arthur Winslow | Episode: "The Winslow Boy" | |
| Tales from Dickens | Host | March hosted seven episodes during 1958 and 1959 Episodes: "Bardell Versus Pickwick" "Uriah Heep" "A Christmas Carol" "David and Betsy Trotwood" "David and His Mother" "Christmas at Dingley Dell" "The Runaways" | ||
| 1963 | A Tribute to John F. Kennedy from the Arts | Host | Television special | |
| 1964 | The Presidency: A Splendid Mystery | Narrator | Television | |
Theatre
| Theatre | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Title | Role | Playwright | Venue |
| 1924 | The Melody Man | Donald Clemens | Herbert Richard Lorenz | Central Theatre, Broadway |
| 1925 | Puppets | Bruno Monte | Francis Lightner | Selwyn Theatre, Broadway |
| 1926 | The Half-Caste | Dick Chester | Jack McClellan | National Theatre, Broadway |
| 1926 | Devil in the Cheese | Jimmie Chard | Tom Cushing | Charles Hopkins Theatre, Broadway |
| 1938 | Your Obedient Husband | Richard Steele | Horace Jackson | Broadhurst Theatre, Broadway |
| 1939 | The American Way | Martin Gunther | George S. Kaufman / Moss Hart | Center Theatre, Broadway |
| 1941 | Hope for a Harvest | Elliott Martin | Sophie Treadwell | Guild Theatre, Broadway |
| 1942 | The Skin of Our Teeth | Mr. Antrobus | Thorton Wilder | Plymouth Theatre, Broadway |
| 1944 | A Bell for Adano | Major Victor Joppolo | Paul Osborn | Cort Theatre, Broadway |
| 1946 | Years Ago | Clifton Jones | Ruth Gordon | Mansfield Theatre, Broadway |
| 1950 | Now Lay Me Down To Sleep | General Leonidas Erosa | Elaine Ryan | Broadhurst Theatre, Broadway |
| 1951 | An Enemy of the People | Dr. Thomas Stockman | Henrik Ibsen | |
| 1951 | The Autumn Garden | Nicholas Denery | Lillian Hellman | Coronet Theatre, Broadway |
| 1956 | Long Day's Journey into Night | James Tyrone | Eugene O'Neill | Helen Hayes Theatre, Broadway |
| 1961 | Gideon | Angel | Paddy Chayefsky | Plymouth Theatre, Broadway |
Awards and nominations
March has a star for motion pictures on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1620 Vine Street.[33]
Radio appearances
| Year | Program | Episode/source |
|---|---|---|
| 1942 | Lux Radio Theatre | One Foot in Heaven[34] |
| 1946 | Academy Award | A Star Is Born[35] |
| 1949 | The MGM Theater of the Air | Citadel |
| 1953 | Theatre Guild on the Air | Cass Timberlane[36] |
| 1953 | Star Playhouse | A Bell for Adano[37] |
| 1953 | There Shall Be No Night[38] |
Biographies
See also
Footnotes
- 1 2 "Fredric March". Turner Classic Movies.
- ↑ Obituary Variety, April 16, 1975, page 95.
- ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Guests: Jill & Dickie Kolmar; Fredric March". What's My Line?. March 21, 1954. 15:00 minutes in. CBS. Retrieved March 5, 2019 – via YouTube.
- ↑ Ross, Lillian; Ross, Helen (September 22, 1961). The Player A Profile Of An Art. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 359–363 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ "Alpha Delts Accept Colby College Charter". The Bangor Daily News. February 23, 1961. p. 19. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Fredric March, american actor". Encyclopædia Britannica. August 27, 2018. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018.
- ↑ Baxter, 1970 p. 176
- 1 2 3 Tranberg, Charles (2013). Fredric March: A Consummate Actor. Duncan, OK: BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1593937454.
- ↑ "Fredric March: A Consummate Actor – An Interview with author Charles Tranberg". Let's Misbehave: A Tribute to Precode Hollywood. Blogspot.com.au.
- ↑ "Awards granted by George Eastman House International Museum of Photography & Film". George Eastman House. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ↑ "Nation Honor Lincoln On Sesquicentennial" (PDF). Yonkers Herald-Statesman. Associated Press. February 11, 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
Congress gets into the act tomorrow, when a joint session will be held. Carl Sandburg, famed Lincoln biographer, will give and address, and actor Fredric March will read the Gettysburg Address.
- ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (July 6, 1960). "Film Reviews: Inherit the Wind". Variety. p. 6. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ "Hedge Funder Slashes Price of Showbiz Pedigreed Estate by $4.5 Million". Variety. October 22, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Hollywood Fights Back - In Our Own Backyard: Resisting Nazi Propaganda in Southern California 1933-1945". digital-library.csun.edu. Archived from the original on June 1, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
- ↑ Longworth, Karina (February 26, 2016). "Dorothy Parker Goes to Hollywood". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
- ↑ "HUAC Goes to Hollywood, Part 1: The Forgotten Investigation of 1940". Cold War & Internal Security (CWIS) Collection: East Carolina University. December 7, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
- ↑ Everitt, David (2007). A Shadow of Red: Communism and the Blacklist in Radio and Television. Ivan R. Dee. pp. 30 (1948), 85 (1950). ISBN 9781683931133. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ Cuthbertson, Ken (May 1, 2015). A Complex Fate: William L. Shirer and the American Century. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 9780773597242. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ Brookins, Laurie (August 28, 2022). "Supporters Attempt to Redeem Legacy of Hollywood Legend Fredric March, Canceled Over Racism Allegations: 'This Was a Rush to Judgment'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ↑ Wickersham, Joan (July 27, 2023). "Fredric March — Hollywood's great chameleon". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ↑ "Fredric March". Encyclopædia Britannica. November 30, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ↑ "Ask Flamingle". Wisconsin Alumni Association. July 5, 2008.
- 1 2 McWhorter, John (September 17, 2021). "The University of Wisconsin Smears a Once-Treasured Alum". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ↑ "Hollywood Monuments to John Wayne, D.W. Griffith and More Are Under Fire: A Status Report". The Hollywood Reporter. December 18, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- 1 2 Gonis, George (November 25, 2020). "A Star Is Shorn: Thanks to Woefully Underinformed Campus Activists, Acting Legend, Badger Alum, and Civil Rights Champion Fredric March Is Suddenly "Off Wisconsin"". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ↑ "UW Oshkosh: Theatre Facilities". University of Wisconsin—Oshkosh. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ↑ "Wisconsin Union Theater". Wisconsin Union. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ↑ Widell, Sydney (May 3, 2018). "Union to cover KKK fraternity members' names on gallery, play circle". The Daily Cardinal. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ↑ Erickson, Doug (April 19, 2018). "UW–Madison releases report on student organizations that took name of KKK in 1920s" (Press release). University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- ↑ "1924 Badger". Wisconsin Alumni Association. July 5, 2008.
- ↑ Ordonez, Brenda (August 18, 2020). "UW-Oshkosh renames theatre building after troubling discovery". WFRV-TV. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ↑ "UW alum and Oscar winner Fredric March's name was removed from a campus theater in 2018. Calls for its return are getting louder".
- ↑ "Fredric March". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ↑ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 43, no. 2. Spring 2017. p. 33.
- ↑ "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 41, no. 3. Summer 2015. pp. 32–39.
- ↑ Kirby, Walter (February 15, 1953). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 42. Retrieved June 21, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Kirby, Walter (October 11, 1953). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 50. Retrieved July 6, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Kirby, Walter (November 29, 1953). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 50. Retrieved July 14, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Peterson, Deborah C. (1996). Fredric March: Craftsman First, Star Second. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313298028.
References
- Baxter, John. 1970. Hollywood in the Thirties. International Film Guide Series. Paperback Library, New York. LOC Card Number 68-24003.
External links
